Geomagnetism Solid Earth and Upper Atmosphere Perspectives
With the awareness that the Earth has a magnetic field, its mathematical description, discovery of remanent magnetisation in rocks and discovery of the periodic reversals of the geomagnetic field polarity, geomagnetism within geophysics became an interest
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GEOMAGNETISM Solid Earth and Upper Atmosphere Perspectives
By
Nathani Basavaiah Indian Institute of Geomagnetism Navi Mumbai, India
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN ISBN
978-94-007-0402-2 (HB) 978-94-007-0403-9 (e-book)
Copublished by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands with Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street, New York 10013, USA. In all other countries, except SAARC countries—Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka—sold and distributed by Springer, Haberstrasse 7, D-69126 Heidelberg, Germany. In SAARC countries—Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka—sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28, Mahaveer Street, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110 002, India. www.springer.com
Cover photos credit: Top: http://www.windows2universe.org/physical_science/ magnetism/planetary_magnetospheres.html, bottom left: http:// stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/AllegreSHS.pdf and bottom right: http://geomag.usgs.gov/intro.html
Printed on acid-free paper
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FOREWORD
During the last century, science has taken enormous strides and tremendously impacted every segment of society. Over the years, there has been a welcome explosion of knowledge. However, this knowledge is increasingly becoming over-specialized, more complex and subtle. To be well-informed and to keep abreast with the present fast-paced scientific develop-ments, students, academics and technological fraternity need to constantly educate themselves on a wide variety of scientific phenomena. This book on geomagnetism is a step in that direction. Geomagnetism is a relatively old stream of science but at present only a very few universities have it in their curriculum as a distinctly separate subject. Not surprisingly, research on geomagnetism is carried out today by only a few scientific organizations. Due to lack of exposure to this specialized area of study, paucity of relevant reading material is keenly felt by students and researchers alike to gain knowledge and carry out studies in the modern scientific field of geomagnetism. Most of the available literature on this subject is limited to research articles, which alone cannot provide the necessary background knowledge on the techniques and interpretative skills to the beginner. Thus, students and teachers globally find it difficult to ‘identify’ with the ‘setting’ in which the
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