Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soil Using Brassica juncea : Influence on PSII Activity, Leaf Gaseous Exchange,
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Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soil Using Brassica juncea: Influence on PSII Activity, Leaf Gaseous Exchange, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Redox and Elemental Status Husna Siddiqui1 · Khan Bilal Mukhtar Ahmed1 · Fareen Sami1 · Shamsul Hayat1 Received: 25 March 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Phytoremediation is an ecologically and economically feasible technique to remove heavy metal from soil. The aim of the study was to examine cadmium (Cd) toxicity and phytoremediation aptitude of Brassica juncea. In the present study, plants survived when exposed to different levels of Cd (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg soil) and accumulated a large amount of Cd in its root and shoot. Translocation factor (TF) of Cd from root to shoot was > 1 at both 45 and 60‐day stage of growth suggesting that B. juncea is a hyperaccumulator and strong candidate for phytoextraction of Cd. Alongside, Cd impaired photolysis of water, PSII activity, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and sugar accumulation in the plant. Cd-generated oxidative stress restricts the growth of B. juncea. The toxic effect of Cd was more pronounced at 45‐day stage of growth signifying the drifting of plant towards acquirement of exclusion strategy. Keywords Cell viability · Oxidative stress · Photochemistry · Photosynthesis · SEM–EDX Phytoremediation has emerged as an ecologically balanced and economically sound strategy to remove heavy metals (HM) from contaminated soils. This is pertinent in the context of intense augmentation of HM accumulation in soil during past two decades. Mining, application of chemical fertilizers, and discard of industrial waste in soil and water bodies are examples of anthropogenic activities that cause HM pollutants in soil (Faraz et al. 2019). Cadmium (Cd) is one of such pollutant that is usually found in air and soils exposed to industrial wastes, phosphatic fertilizers, cement factories, metal‐working industries, and disposal of Cd‐ enriched wastewater treatment solids into water bodies and soil. In plants, Cd elicits a wide range of molecular mechanisms. It perturbs the normal functioning of various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, nitrogen‐metabolism, oxidative reactions, water relations, and nutrient uptake (Hasan et al. 2009). Cd toxicity results in growth retardation, leaf chlorosis and inhibition of different metabolic pathways.
* Shamsul Hayat [email protected] 1
Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
In Cd sensitive plants, Cd‐induced persistent inhibition of photosynthesis generates oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated destruction of photosynthetic apparatus (Hayat et al. 2014). Cd promotes ROS generation, for example superoxide anion (O2•–) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Generation of ROS above a certain level results in membrane lipid peroxidation, thus impairing membrane fluidity and permeability (Tripathy a
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