Assisted phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil using Atriplex halimus and its effect on some soil physical properti
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Assisted phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil using Atriplex halimus and its effect on some soil physical properties E. Acuña1 · B. Castillo2 · M. Queupuan2 · M. Casanova2 · Y. Tapia2 Received: 4 June 2020 / Revised: 31 August 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract Lead is one of the most harmful trace elements found in soils. Despite reductions in environmental lead exposure, an historical lead pollution continues affecting soils in many areas. To mitigate the impact of lead, phytoremediation assisted with addition of chelating agents can be a suitable option. In order to evaluate the phytostabilization and/or phytoextraction capacity of Atriplex halimus, a pot assay with six phytoremediation treatments was established using different combination of two chelating agents (citric acid and fulvic acids), a composted substrate as organic amendment and a soil highly contaminated with lead (2952 ± 280 mg Pb k g−1, pH 6.30 ± 0.13) collected in the Valparaíso Region, Central Chile. Chelating agents were applied to irrigation water considering a concentration of 4 g L−1, while the organic amendment was applied at the beginning of the assay (dose of 5% v/v). After 180 days, the addition of the chelating agents significantly increased the Pb concentrations in tissues, an effect that was enhanced by application of the organic amendment, reaching concentrations of 32, 42, and 360 mg Pb k g−1 in leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. The treatments considered the addition of fulvic acids showed higher total plant dry weight levels (16.4 and 18.2 g, respectively) compared to the rest, which ranged from 8.3 to 10.0 g. With respect to soil physical properties, chelating agents increased microaggregate stability, but fulvic acids addition significantly decreased the soil available water. In general, Atriplex halimus demonstrated good potential for the phytostabilization of lead contaminated soils and a limited phytoextraction capacity. Keywords Amendment management · Atriplex halimus · Dry weight · Lead · Phytoremediation
Introduction Soil contamination by trace elements (TEs) is one of the most severe ecological problems in developing industrialized countries, in large part due to their non-biodegradability (Gupta et al. 2019; Madejón et al. 2018). In particular, lead (Pb) is one of the most common pollutants and is widely distributed in soils. It is typically found in fuels, paints, industrial products from foundries and mining, as well as shooting ranges, and battery recycling plants (Ahmad et al. Editorial responsibility: Xiao-Zhang Yu. * Y. Tapia [email protected] 1
Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 7820436 Santiago, Chile
Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, 8820808 Santiago, Chile
2
2016; Gottesfeld et al. 2018, Surriya et al. 2014). In the last 30 years, this metal has been reduced or eliminated in most gasoline and paints. Howeve
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