Accumulation of metals, antioxidant activity, growth and yield attributes of mustard ( Brassica juncea L.) grown on soil
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Accumulation of metals, antioxidant activity, growth and yield attributes of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown on soil amendments with fly ash together with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer Farha Ashfaque1 · Akhtar Inam1 Received: 9 May 2018 / Revised: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 2020
Abstract The study was accompanied to assess the effect of varying levels (0, 20, 40 or 60 t h a−1) of fly ash (FA) and nitrogen (N) (0, 60 or 80 kg ha−1) on Cd, Cr and Pb accumulation, antioxidant activity and yield traits of two mustard cultivars (Brassica juncea cv. ‘Varuna’ and ‘Pusa Bold’). The results showed that antioxidant activity increased concurrently as the FA levels increases. The dose of F A60 accompanied with N 60 and N 80 lowers enzymatic activity, photosynthetic pigments level, and yield; however, FA at the rate of 40 t ha−1 together with N 60 significantly enhanced the crop productivity followed by N80. These results suggest that F A40N60 proved optimal for enhancing crop growth and yield, whereas a high concentration of FA (FA60) caused oxidative stress in both mustard cultivars. Oleic and linoleic acid contents were increased; however, erucic acid content decreased by the application of FA40N60. Keywords EDX profiling · Fatty acids · Heavy metals accumulation · Scanning electron microscopy
Introduction Environmental pollution has increased continuously as a consequence of various anthropogenic activities that adversely affected the flora and fauna leading to loss of agricultural productivity worldwide. The generation of fly ash (FA) from coal-fired thermal power plants is one of the major concerns throughout the Earth primarily in the growing nations. At the present time, more than 80 thermal power plants generated about 118 MT year−1 of coal FA in India and it will cross the figure of 440 MT year−1 by the end of 2030 (Ram et al. 2008). Therefore, disposal of such huge amounts of FA and its management is the major problem. Interestingly, it has an alkaline nature that enhances the mineralization of organic matter and promotes the nutrient supply to plants although it also consists of non-essential heavy metals (HMs) including Cd, Pb, Cr, etc. along with Communicated by R. Baczek-Kwinta. * Farha Ashfaque [email protected] 1
Department of Botany, Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Environmental Botany Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP 202002, India
various nutrients like Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, B, Na, N and P (Antonkiewicz 2010). Lower levels of FA amendments to the soil positively affect the physico-chemical status of soil, by increasing soil conductivity, organic carbon, pH, and water holding capacity (Pandey and Singh 2010). Similarly, Singh et al. (1997), Pandey et al. (2009a, b) also stated that low levels of FA (5–10%) have positive effect on plant productivity, while the higher dose (20–30%) substantially altered the plant metabolism. The concentrations
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