Phytoremediation of hexavalent chromium by mung bean through bio-accumulation and bio-stabilization in a short duration
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Phytoremediation of hexavalent chromium by mung bean through bio‑accumulation and bio‑stabilization in a short duration Y. Chen1 · W. Hu1 · P. Li1 · Y. Liu1 · X. Chen1 · H. Xie1 · J. Wang1 · Y. Xie1 · Y. Wang1 · Y. Zhang1 Received: 22 April 2020 / Revised: 25 September 2020 / Accepted: 31 October 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract Phytoremediation is an effective approach to remove the challenging pollutant of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in the environment, however, which requires a relatively long work duration. Herein, we reported the utilization of mung bean (Vigna radiata) as a highly efficient accumulator for Cr(VI). Typically, within a short work duration of only 7 days, 5041 mg · kg−1 of chromium (Cr) could be accumulated in the whole plants of mung bean. Moreover, about 80% of Cr in the mung bean plants are transformed to fractions with low bioavailability. This study demonstrated that mung bean could be a promising candidate for phytoremediation of Cr(VI), not only accumulating but also stabilizing Cr(VI) within very short time. Keywords Chromium contamination · Stress tolerance · Bioremediation · Translocation · Bioavailability
Introduction Heavy metal pollution is one of the most challenging environmental problems around the world and threatens the health of living organisms seriously. Chromium (Cr) is a representative toxic heavy metal and widely originated from factories of metallurgy, electroplating, pigment, tanning, wood preservation, and so on (Suñe et al. 2007; Ren et al. 2017). Huge amounts of untreated Cr-containing wastes release into the atmosphere, water, and soil, polluting the environment severely (Yildiz et al. 2013). The World Health Organization (WHO) stipulates the maximum allowable concentration of Cr in water for domestic use as 0.05 mg · L−1 meanwhile for drinking purpose as nil (Weerasinghe et al. 2008). Many areas also establish regulatory concentrations of Cr in agricultural soils to control pollution risks, as shown in Table 1 (Liu et al. 2018). Unfortunately, the Editorial responsibility: Abhishek RoyChowdhury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-03001-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Y. Zhang [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Cr concentration in some contaminated areas is obviously higher than the permissible limit. High values of 44,615, 16,291, 5406, and 5490 mg · kg−1 were reported in soil of specific cities (Desai et al. 2009; Kameswari et al. 2015; Pathak et al. 2015; Viti and Giovannetti 2001). In the environment, Cr exists in several oxidation states, but the most stable and common forms are trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] (Oliveira 2012). Compared with Cr(III), the Cr(VI) is more mobile, labile, and bioavailable (Eyvazi et al. 2019). The cytotoxicity of Cr(VI) compounds is 100–1000
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