Planning nature-based solutions: Principles, steps, and insights
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NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS IN RIVER LANDSCAPES
Planning nature-based solutions: Principles, steps, and insights Christian Albert , Mario Brillinger, Paulina Guerrero, Sarah Gottwald, Jennifer Henze, Stefan Schmidt, Edward Ott, Barbara Schro¨ter
Received: 31 March 2020 / Revised: 26 June 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020
Abstract Nature-based solutions (NBS) find increasing attention as actions to address societal challenges through harnessing ecological processes, yet knowledge gaps exist regarding approaches to landscape planning with NBS. This paper aims to provide suggestions of how planning NBS can be conceptualized and applied in practice. We develop a framework for planning NBS by merging insights from literature and a case study in the Lahn river landscape, Germany. Our framework relates to three key criteria that define NBS, and consists of six steps of planning: Co-define setting, Understand challenges, Create visions and scenarios, Assess potential impacts, Develop solution strategies, and Realize and monitor. Its implementation is guided by five principles, namely Place-specificity, Evidence base, Integration, Equity, and Transdisciplinarity. Drawing on the empirical insights from the case study, we suggest suitable methods and a checklist of supportive procedures for applying the framework in practice. Taken together, our framework can facilitate planning NBS and provides further steps towards mainstreaming. Keywords Ecosystem services Environmental planning Framework Lahn river Landscape planning Spatial planning
INTRODUCTION The concept of nature-based solutions (NBS) has become a key topic of contemporary research around options for Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01365-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
more sustainable development of cities and rural areas. After its introduction by the European Commission (2015) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, (Cohen-Shacham et al. 2016), the concept has received immense interest in the scientific community, with 298 articles on the subject published in international peer-reviewed journals in the last three years alone (2017–2019, Scopus search on March 3, 2020). NBS are commonly understood as ‘actions which are inspired by, supported by or copied from nature’ (European Commission 2015, p. 5), although several authors reflect on the implications of this definition, relations to similar terms such as green infrastructure, and potential variations (e.g. Albert et al. 2017, 2019; Nessho¨ver et al. 2017). NBS have been proposed as key opportunities for adapting to climate change (e.g. Kabisch et al. 2016; Frantzeskaki et al. 2019), to attain the sustainable development goals (Faivre et al. 2017), and more generally to contribute to a better future for people and nature (Maes and Jacobs 2017; Seddon et al. 2020). Landscape and urban planning have been identified as important instruments to enhance the consideration and up
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