Plant and Human Health, Volume 1 Ethnobotany and Physiology
Early anthropological evidence for plant use as medicine is 60,000 years old as reported from the Neanderthal grave in Iraq. The importance of plants as medicine is further supported by archeological evidence from Asia and the Middle East. Today, ar
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nt and Human Health, Volume 1 Ethnobotany and Physiology
Plant and Human Health, Volume 1
Munir Ozturk • Khalid Rehman Hakeem Editors
Plant and Human Health, Volume 1 Ethnobotany and Physiology
Editors Munir Ozturk Vice President of the Islamic World Academy of Sciences Amann, Jordan Department of Botany and Centre for Environmental Studies Ege University Izmir, Izmir, Turkey
Khalid Rehman Hakeem Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
ISBN 978-3-319-93996-4 ISBN 978-3-319-93997-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93997-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954546 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This volume is dedicated to
Abu Rayḥan Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Biruni
He was born in Hive-Turkmenistan in the year 973 and died on December 13, 1051, in Ghazni in Afghanistan. Al-Biruni was one of the famous scholars, who contributed much to the world of science. A book on the Medicinal Curricula “Kitab al-saydala fi al-Tıb” published by him covered details on 200 herbal drugs. Pic source: Google.com
Foreword
Her Excellency
If biodiversity underpins life on earth, then medicinal plants and traditional knowledge have underpinned the development of modern medicine. At the dawn of a new millennium, one of the most pressing challenges of our time is the continuing, and at times irreversible, loss of biodiversity and its associated precious knowledge on our planet. Global efforts to reduce biodiversity loss had begun with the establishment of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit and today the CBD
