Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as Biofertilizers and Biopesticides
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an important role in sustainable agriculture through the improvement of plant growth via different processes like biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and phytohor
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Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Umair Riaz, Ghulam Murtaza, Wajiha Anum, Tayyaba Samreen, Muhammad Sarfraz, and Muhammad Zulqernain Nazir
Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an important role in sustainable agriculture through the improvement of plant growth via different processes like biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and phytohormone synthesis. The use of PGPR is potentially increased in sustainable farming due to its ecofriendly and efficient nature. It is being used as an alternative source to minimize the increasing use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Biofertilizers are the substances containing living microbes, helping to improve plant growth and development. These living microorganisms enhance the nutrient status of soil through the expansion of root surface area, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and combination of all these mechanisms. The market of the biofertilizers is expected to reach 3.8$ billion by 2025 from 2$ billion in 2019. Some Pseudomonas species also improve the plant growth through the production of water-soluble vitamins like niacin. PGPR have the potential to work as phytostimulators through the production of various phytohormones like indole acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin, gibberellins, and ethylene. But some bacteria and fungi have ability to improve plant growth by restricting the growth of plant pathogens are known as biopesticides. Cyanide biosynthesis, siderophore production, and induction of systemic resistance genes in plants are the different mechanisms for the PGPR to work against the plant pathogens. PGPR can also work as biocontrol agents providing protection to the plants, enhancing the plant growth through the synthesis of antibiotics. The use of the biopesticides is increasing slowly at a rate of 8% annually based on the different types of microbial pesticides.
U. Riaz (*) Agriculture Department, Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Government of Punjab, Bahawalpur, Pakistan G. Murtaza · T. Samreen · M. Sarfraz · M. Z. Nazir Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan W. Anum Department of Agronomy, Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur, Pakistan © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 K. R. Hakeem et al. (eds.), Microbiota and Biofertilizers, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48771-3_11
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Keywords Agriculture · Phytohormone · Biofertilizers · Biopesticides · Biocontrol
11.1 Introduction Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the beneficial crowd of rhizosphere microorganisms that can increase the plant growth through various processes such as nutrient uptake, synthesis of siderophore, phytohormone synthesis, N2 fixation by the living organisms, solubilization of insoluble phosphorous, introduction of systemic tolerance genes, synthesis of ACC deaminase, various volatile organic compounds (VOC), etc. The PGPR utilization is poten
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