Plasma-Based CO2 Conversion
In this chapter, we will explain why plasma is promising for CO2 conversion. First, we will give a brief introduction on plasma technology (Sect. 8.1 ), and highlight its unique feature for CO2 conversion (Sect. 8.2 ). Next, we will briefly illustrate the
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Plasma-Based CO2 Conversion Annemie Bogaerts and Ramses Snoeckx
Abstract
In this chapter, we will explain why plasma is promising for CO2 conversion. First, we will give a brief introduction on plasma technology (Sect. 8.1), and highlight its unique feature for CO2 conversion (Sect. 8.2). Next, we will briefly illustrate the most common types of plasma reactors, explaining why some plasma types exhibit better energy efficiency than others (Sect. 8.3). In Sect. 8.4, we will present the state-of-the-art on plasma-based CO2 conversion, for pure CO2 splitting and the combined conversion of CO2 with either CH4, H2O or H2, for different types of plasma reactors. To put plasma technology in a broader perspective of emerging technologies for CO2 conversion, we will discuss in Sect. 8.5 its inherent promising characteristics for this application. Finally, in Sect. 8.6 we will summarize the state-of-the-art and the current limitations, and elaborate on future research directions needed to bring plasma-based CO2 conversion into real application.
A. Bogaerts (&) Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium e-mail: [email protected] R. Snoeckx Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 M. Aresta et al. (eds.), An Economy Based on Carbon Dioxide and Water, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15868-2_8
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A. Bogaerts and R. Snoeckx
Plasma, the Fourth State of Matter
One of the emerging technologies for CO2 conversion is based on plasma technology. Plasma is an ionized gas, consisting of molecules, but also electrons, various types of ions, radicals, excited species, and photons. This reactive cocktail makes plasma useful for a wide range of applications, including materials technology and microelectronics (for thin film deposition, surface modification, etching,…), medical applications, light sources, lasers, plasma displays, as well as for environmental and energy applications, such as air pollution control and gas conversion [1]. This chapter focuses on the application of CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels. Plasma is also called the “fourth state of matter”, next to solid, liquid, and gas. It is formed by increasing the temperature of a gas, or by inserting another form of energy, like electrical energy. More than 99% of the visible matter in the universe is in plasma state, e.g., our Sun and the other stars, as well as the interstellar matter. Closer to Earth, Saint Elmo’s fire, lightning, red sprites, the Aurora Borealis and Australis are also natural plasmas. Beside natural plasmas, plasmas are also created on Earth, and we can distinguish two main groups, i.e., (i) high-temperature plasmas used for fusion research, which are typically fully ionized, and (ii) so-called low-temperature gas discharge plasmas,
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