Technical and Industrial Applications of CO2
These last decades, carbon dioxide emissions have drawn a lot of attention because of the greenhouse effect. According to the Kyoto protocol, the 15 European countries committed themselves to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions by an average of 8% with
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Technical and Industrial Applications of CO2 Jan Vansant and Peter-Wilhem Koziel
Abstract
These last decades, carbon dioxide emissions have drawn a lot of attention because of the greenhouse effect. According to the Kyoto protocol, the 15 European countries committed themselves to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions by an average of 8% with respect to the 1990 level within the period 2008–2012. The more recent Paris Agreement [1] urges all parties to ratify and implement the second commitment period of this Kyoto Protocol up to 2020. In this context, the goal of this chapter is to analyze the technical and industrial applications of carbon dioxide as a possible contribution to CO2 mitigation by supplanting less environmentally friendly technologies based on chemicals having a higher impact on soil, water and atmosphere. In this Chapter we make a distinction between different approaches on how and where carbon dioxide is being captured and used. The present text is an update of the previously published Chapter “Vansant J, Carbon Dioxide Emission and Merchant Market in the European Union.” In: Aresta M. (eds) Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization, 2003, 3–50, Springer, Dordrecht.
Chapter 3 is an update from the previously published chapter Vansant J. (2003) Carbon Dioxide Emission and Merchant Market in the European Union. In: Aresta M. (eds) Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 3–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-0170245-4_1. J. Vansant (&) VFB Bvba, 3000 Leuven, Belgium e-mail: [email protected] P.-W. Koziel Alter Graben 8, D-33014 Bad Driburg, Germany © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 M. Aresta et al. (eds.), An Economy Based on Carbon Dioxide and Water, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15868-2_3
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J. Vansant and P.-W. Koziel
On-Site Industrial Large Scale Utilization of Gaseous CO2
Several approaches to CO2 conversion are at the industrial exploitation level or very close to it. While this is not part of this Chapter, we mention some of them to highlight the concept of “large scale” that refers to several Mt/y of used CO2. Mineralization [2] permanently binds CO2 and produces valuable end-products: it is gaining more attention. This will be treated in more detail in Chap. 4 in this book.
CO2 is also used as an active component in the sugar extraction from sugar beets. A schematic summary of this process is shown below [3]. Methanol production: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries promotes the increased production rate from natural gas and steam by (re)injection of CO2. More details are presented elsewhere in this Book. Methionine production: The whole process has been running at Evonik-Degussa plants in Germany, in Antwerp and in Singapore (with Linde), for over 50 years and contributes with a capacity of 580,000 annual tons (Q4 2014) to 60% of the DL-methionine worldwide capacity of about 1 million annual tons. However against the background of decreasing fossil resources and the stronger environmental constraints (hazardous intermediates and waste), more sustaina
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