Plate Tectonics Continental Drift and Mountain Building
How are mountains formed? Why are there old and young mountains? Why do the shapes of South America and Africa fit so well together? Why is the Pacific surrounded by a ring of volcanoes and earthquake-prone areas while the edges of the Atlantic are r
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Wolfgang Frisch /Martin Meschede / Ronald Blakey
Plate Tectonics Continental D rift and Mountain Building
123
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Frisch Department of Geosciences University of Tübingen Germany [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Martin Meschede University of Greifswald Institute of Geography and Geology Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17A D-17487 Greifswald Germany [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ronald Blakey Northern Arizona University Dept. Geology Center for Environmental Sciences & Education PO Box 4099 86011-4099 Flagstaff Arizona USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-540-76503-5 e-ISBN 978-3-540-76504-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Content Preface 1
Contractional theory, continental drift and plate tectonics
XII
1
Sediments and ore deposits in graben structures
29
Volcanism in graben structures
30
The Upper Rhine Graben in Germany
31 32
Early history of geodynamic thought
1
From continental drift to plate tectonics
2
The history of the Upper Rhine Graben The Upper Rhine Graben in the Middle European stress field Magmatism and heat flow in the Upper Rhine Graben
The plate tectonic concept
4
The large East African rift system
34
The pattern of magnetic polarity stripes
8
Plate motions and earthquake zones
8
The Afar Depression The Red Sea – from rift to drift The extensional area of the Basin and Range Province
37 37
The development of metamorphic domes
40
A brief history of the Basin and Range Province
41
Plate tectonics – a change in the paradigm of the geosciences 1
Two kinds of continental margins
11
Magmatism and plate tectonics
11
What drives the plates and what slows them down?
12
Collision and mountain building
12
4 2
Plate movements and their geometric relationships
15
39
43 43
The sedimentary trap at a passive continental margin Tracts of sequence stratigraphy Processes on continental margins
44 45 46
21
Petroleum deposits – the economic significance of passive continental margins
48
22
The Atlant
