Political Empowerment of Women The Netherlands and Other Countries
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NIJHOFF LAW SPECIALS VOLUME 59
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THE NETHERLANDS AND OTHER COUNTRIES
by
Monique Leyenaar
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Cover illustration: "Danseuse", Sonia Delaunay (1916). © L & M Services B.V. Amsterdam 20040603 Printed on acid-free paper ISBN 978-94-017-5606-8 (eBook) ISBN 978-90-04-14099-8 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-5606-8 ©2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Martinus NijhoffPublishers in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004
This publication is protected by international copyright law. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 THE POLITICS OF GENDER REPRESENTATION .................................................... 2 THE POLICY OF GENDER REPRESENTATION ....................................................... 6 POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION .................................................................................... 7 THE CASE OF THE NETHERLANDS ...................................................................... 8 PLAN OF THE BOOK ........................................................................................... 10
PART 1: DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER2 POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN FIFTEEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ...................................................................................................... 17 WOMEN IN POLITICS IN THE 15 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ................................ 18
Scandinavian Countries ................................................................................. 21 Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain .................................................................. 25 France, Belgium and Luxembourg ................................................................ 30 Britain and Ireland ......................................................................................... 36 Germany and Austria ..................................................................................... 43 EUROPEAN UNION ............................................................................................. 48 EVALUATING EUROPE ........................................................................................ 53
v
Contents
CHAPTER3 AN EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK FOR WOMEN'S POLITICAL REPRESENTATION .......................................................................................... 56 VOTING ...........................................................
