Poly(lactic acid)-based bionanocomposites: effects of ZnO nanoparticles and essential oils on physicochemical properties
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Poly(lactic acid)‑based bionanocomposites: effects of ZnO nanoparticles and essential oils on physicochemical properties Mojtaba Heydari‑Majd1 · Babak Ghanbarzadeh1,2 · Mostafa Shahidi‑Noghabi3 · Anna Abdolshahi4 · Somayeh Dahmardeh5 · Maedeh Malek Mohammadi1,6 Received: 30 June 2020 / Revised: 9 November 2020 / Accepted: 13 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The main shortcoming of polylactic acid (PLA) for packaging applications is its brittleness. Thus, there is a pronounced interest in the potential use of PLA/zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) systems as active food packaging. In this study, ZnO NPs and two types of essential oils (EOs) including Zataria multiflora L. (ZEO) and Mentha piperita L. (MEO) at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% w/w) were used for the production of active PLA-based bionanocomposites for packaging applications. The presence of ZnO NPs and EOs led to increased film thickness and improved contact angle properties. ZnO NPs boosted the PLA-based films’ WVP, whereas the EOs had the opposite effect. The increase in the ZEO and MEO content reduced the ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus and increased the elongation at break. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed that the improvements are related to the ZnO NPs exfoliation and good interaction between PLA and ZnO NPs in the presence of EOs. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the incorporation of ZnO NPs increased the glass transition temperature (Tg), but did not change the melting temperature (Tm), though the addition of the EOs lowered the values of both parameters. Morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the presence of ZEO/MEO led to increased pinholes, pores, and roughness in the microstructure of the films. These results revealed that ZnO-PLA films containing EOs may be used as controlled release antimicrobial food active packaging. Keywords PLA · ZnO nanoparticles · Zataria multiflora · Mentha piperita · Nanocomposites
* Babak Ghanbarzadeh [email protected]; [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Polymer Bulletin
Introduction Polylactic acid (PLA) comprises one of the best-known biodegradable polymers, having received considerable attention within recent decades due to its more versatile range of applications, and inexpensiveness relative to other biopolymers derived from plant sources such as starch [1, 2]. Furthermore, PLA-based packaging materials have been regarded as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are authorized by the European Commission [3], putting them in a unique position for the packaging of food materials. PLA also features excellent biocompatibility and bioabsorbability, which is why it has been widely used in the biomedical, packaging, and agriculture fields as a substitute for non-degradable
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