Appetite-enhancing effects of inhaling cinnamon, clove, and fennel essential oils containing phenylpropanoid analogues
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Appetite‑enhancing effects of inhaling cinnamon, clove, and fennel essential oils containing phenylpropanoid analogues Kakuyou Ogawa1 · Momoko Honda1 · Aoi Tanigawa1 · Arisa Hatase1 · Ayaka Ito1 · Yuki Higa1 · Osamu Morinaga1 Received: 4 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 June 2020 © The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy 2020
Abstract Cinnamon, clove, and fennel are commonly used as spices and herbal medicines, and one of their medicinal uses is as aromatic stomachics. We investigated the effect on appetite in mice of inhaling volatile compounds contained in essential oils extracted from herbal medicines used as aromatic stomachics. The appetite-enhancing effects of cinnamon and fennel essential oils were similar to those of their main components trans-cinnamaldehyde and trans-anethole, respectively. The appetite-enhancing effects of clove essential oil were observed over a wide range of doses (4.5 × 10−4 to 4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage), even though the active compounds showed effects within a narrow range of doses (eugenol: 4.5 × 10−4 to 2.5 × 10−3 mg/ cage; eugenol acetate: 1.1 × 10−3 to 4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage). The increase in appetite at doses that differed by tenfold in mice administered clove oil was due to synergistic effects between eugenol and eugenol acetate in clove oil. Thus, loss of appetite could be treated more effectively using essential oil containing both eugenol and eugenol acetate compared with the active compounds administered separately. Administering essential oils, such as cinnamon and clove, could improve loss of appetite without strict dosage adjustment. Keywords Appetite-enhancing effects · Inhalation · Cinnamon · Clove · Fennel · Spices
Introduction Loss of appetite in elderly people is a major problem in aging societies in developed countries like Japan that decreases the quality of life [1, 2]. Loss of appetite is a key factor in the decline of physical strength and the immune system among the elderly. The hormone ghrelin would be effective in improving the loss of appetite, but it is an expensive peptide medicine that is unstable at room temperature [3]. The Kampo medicine, rikkunshito (六君子湯; Liù Jūn Zǐ Tāng), which enhances ghrelin secretion, is clinically administered orally to improve loss of appetite [4]. Parenteral and noninvasive administration are most appropriate for treating loss
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-020-01423-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Osamu Morinaga o‑morinaga@daiichi‑cps.ac.jp 1
Department of Natural Medicines, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22‑1 Tamagawa‑cho, Minami‑ku, Fukuoka 815‑8511, Japan
of appetite in the elderly because they may take many other medicines orally. Inhalation of essential oils can also affect appetite behaviour. Essential oils of geranium (Pelargonium spp.; Geraniaceae) and Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae) flowers decrease the appetite via inhalation [5, 6]. In contrast, we found that inhalation of compounds, such as
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