Polymers
The physical properties of polymers depend not only on the kind of material but also on the molar mass, the molar-mass distribution, the kind of branching, the degree of branching, the crystallinity (amorphous or crystalline), the tacticity, the end group
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3.3. Polymers
The tables and figures include the physical and physicochemical properties of the most important polymers, copolymers, and polymer blends. “Most important” here means that these materials are widely used for scientific applications and in industry. The values in the
3.3.1 Structural Units of Polymers ................ 480 3.3.2 Abbreviations..................................... 482 3.3.3 Tables and Figures.............................. 3.3.3.1 Polyolefines............................ 3.3.3.2 Vinyl Polymers ........................ 3.3.3.3 Fluoropolymers ....................... 3.3.3.4 Polyacrylics and Polyacetals...... 3.3.3.5 Polyamides ............................ 3.3.3.6 Polyesters............................... 3.3.3.7 Polysulfones and Polysulfides ... 3.3.3.8 Polyimides and Polyether Ketones ............. 3.3.3.9 Cellulose ................................ 3.3.3.10 Polyurethanes ........................ 3.3.3.11 Thermosets............................. 3.3.3.12 Polymer Blends .......................
483 483 489 492 497 501 503 506 508 509 511 512 515
References .................................................. 522 shear rate, and creep modulus versus time. However, other physical properties are also included. Additionally, the most relevant applications of the materials are given.
main tables are given for room temperature, that is, ≈25 ◦ C; otherwise, the temperature is given in parentheses. The tables and figures include the following physical properties:
Melting temperature Tm : heating rate 10 K/min (ISO 11357). Enthalpy of fusion ∆Hu : the amount of enthalpy (given per monomer unit of the polymer) needed for the transition of the polymer from the solid state to the molten state. Entropy of fusion ∆Su : amount of entropy (given per monomer unit of the polymer) which is needed for the transition of a polymer from the solid state to the molten state. Heat capacity cp = (∂H/∂T ) p ≈ ∆H/∆T ; ∆H = quantity of heat per mass unit, ∆T = temperature increase. Enthalpy of combustion ∆Hc : amount of enthalpy released in flaming combustion per unit mass of the polymer. Glass transition temperature Tg : heating rate 10 K/min (ISO 11357). Vicat softening temperature : TV 10/50, force 10 N, heating rate 50 K/h; TV 50/50, force 50 N, heating rate 50 K/h (ISO 306).
Part 3 3
The physical properties of polymers depend not only on the kind of material but also on the molar mass, the molar-mass distribution, the kind of branching, the degree of branching, the crystallinity (amorphous or crystalline), the tacticity, the end groups, any superstructure, and any other kind of molecular architecture. In the case of copolymers, the physical properties are additionally influenced by the type of arrangement of the monomers (statistical, random, alternating, periodic, block, or graft). Furthermore, the properties of polymers are influenced if they are mixed with other polymers (polymer blends), with fibers (glass fibers, carbon fibers, or metal fibers), or with other fillers (cellulose, inorganic materials, or organ
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