Polyrotaxanes as emerging biomaterials for tissue engineering applications: a brief review
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(2020) 40:27
Inflammation and Regeneration
REVIEW
Open Access
Polyrotaxanes as emerging biomaterials for tissue engineering applications: a brief review Arun Kumar Rajendan1, Yoshinori Arisaka2, Nobuhiko Yui2 and Sachiko Iseki1*
Abstract The field of tissue engineering and regeneration constantly explores the possibility of utilizing various biomaterials’ properties to achieve effective and uneventful tissue repairs. Polyrotaxanes (PRXs) are supramolecular assemblies, which possess interesting mechanical property at a molecular scale termed as molecular mobility. This molecular mobility could be utilized to stimulate various cellular mechanosignaling elements, thereby altering the cellular functions. Apart from this, the versatile nature of PRXs such as the ability to form complex with growth factors and peptides, numerous sites for chemical modifications, and processability into different forms makes them interesting candidates for applications towards tissue engineering. This literature briefly reviews the concepts of PRXs and molecular mobility, the versatile nature of PRXs, and its emerging utility towards certain tissue engineering applications.
Background The search and designing of new biomaterials that can impart unique bio-interface functions and cellular modulations are never ending [1, 2]. It has been shown that various mechanical properties of the biomaterial interfaces can be utilized to modulate different cellular responses [3–5]. Some of the biomaterial features that could initiate cellular mechanosignaling include the elasticity of the materials, stiffness, hardness, and topographical features such as groves, micro/nanopillars, geometry, and shape of cellular adhesion surfaces [6–9]. Furthermore, it has also been shown that the application of forces, either in static or cyclic form, in certain directions can bring about various changes in the cellular response and functions [10, 11]. These mechanosignaling factors have been extensively studied and utilized in various biomaterial scaffolds for the purpose of tissue regeneration. One of the recent approaches is exploring * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
the relative movement of molecules to one another, termed as molecular mobility, for modulating various cellular functions [12–14]. Molecular mobility is termed as the movement of certain molecules in relation to other molecules such as hinged flexing movement, sliding or rotation of ring-shaped molecule along an axle molecule, and many more [15]. Polyrotaxanes (PRXs) are one of the molecular assemblies which can exhibit molecular mobility.
Polyrotaxanes and molecular mobility Polyrotaxanes are molecular assemblies resembling a beaded-chain but at molecular scales [16, 17] (Fig. 1). The chain component is usually made from long chain polym
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