Poorly known microbial taxa dominate the microbiome of hypersaline Sambhar Lake salterns in India
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Poorly known microbial taxa dominate the microbiome of hypersaline Sambhar Lake salterns in India Srikanta Pal1 · Raju Biswas1 · Arijit Misra1 · Abhijit Sar1 · Sohini Banerjee1,2 · Puja Mukherjee1 · Bomba Dam1 Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Inland athalassohaline solar salterns provide unique opportunity to study microbial successions along salinity gradients that resemble transition in natural hypersaline lakes. We analyzed for the first time 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences of bacteria (V1–V2) and archaea (V4–V5) in saltern brines of India’s largest inland hypersaline Sambhar Lake. Brines of the salterns (S1–S4) are alkaline (pH 9.5–10.5) with salinities of 130, 170, 280 and 350 gL−1 respectively. 16S rRNA gene copynumber of archaea outnumbered that of bacteria in all salterns. Their diversity also increased along S1 through S4, while that of bacteria decreased. Brines of S3 and S4 were dominated by specialized extreme halophilic bacterial (Halanaerobiales, Rhodothermaceae) and archaeal (Halobacteriales, Haloferacales) members with recognized salt-in strategy for osmoadaptation. Microbial assemblages positively correlated to saltern pH, total salinity, and ionic composition. Archaea in S1 and S2 were unprecedentedly represented by poorly known as-yet uncultivated groups, Woesearchaeota (90.35–93.51%) and Nanohaloarchaeota that belong to the newly proposed nano-sized superphylum DPANN. In fact, these taxa were identified in archaeal datasets of other athalassohaline salterns after re-analysis using latest RDP database. Thus, microbial compositions in hypersaline lakes are complex and need revisit particularly for their archaeal diversity to understand their hitherto unknown ecological function in extreme environments. Keywords Hypersaline lake · Amplicon sequencing · 16S rRNA gene copy-number · Salt-in strategy · DPANN · Nanohaloarchaea
Introduction Solar salterns and particularly those in hypersaline environments with non-seawater origin (athalassohaline) provide unique opportunities to study shift in microbial communities Communicated by A. Oren. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-020-01201-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Bomba Dam bomba.dam@visva‑bharati.ac.in 1
Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany (DST‑FIST and UGC‑DRS Funded), Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal‑Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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along salinity gradients. Varying salinities in these salterns that reach saturation levels by precipitation resembles natural hypersaline soda lakes across the world like those in Lake Tanatar, Lake Picturesque, Lake Tanatar trona, and Lake Bitter-1 in Siberia, Russia (Vavourakis et al. 2016); Lake Magadi in East-Afr
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