Population Pressure and Urban Sprawl in Kolkata Metropolitan Area
The pressure of increasing population becomes burden on limited civic facilities which are almost collapsing. The world has seen the advancement and growth of urban expansion at a faster rate which resulted in the increased of urban population , particula
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Population Pressure and Urban Sprawl in Kolkata Metropolitan Area Rukhsana and Md Hasnine
9.1 Introduction The study on urban sprawl is undertaken in developed countries (Batty et al. 1999; Torrens and Alberti 2000; Barnes et al. 2002; Epstein et al. 2002), but nowadays, it is taking place in developing countries such as China (Yeh and Li 2001; Cheng and Masser 2003) and India (Jothimani 1997; Sudhira et al. 2004). Urban areas have played a great role in changing the society throughout the human history. They have been transformed for the setting of major economic, social and political alteration. Though urban areas occupied a very small land in the world, rapid growth has drastically altered the natural landscape and created huge environmental and social impacts (Berling-Wolff and Wu 2015; Grimm et al. 2000; Mundia and Murayama 2010; Weber and Puissant 2003). Nowadays, the built environment where we live is suffering from excessive technological advancement beyond their judicial limit that has been administered quickly. This increasing urban expansion by large mass movement of rural peoples towards urban areas and technological innovations has led to urban environmental degradation. This environmental degradation was caused by urban sprawl. Many forces led to changes in land use and land cover (Rasool et al. 2016). Moreover, much of the rich agricultural land was encroached and declining day by day, resulting in lower productivity and increased food insufficiency for the vulnerable population. The land use/land cover pattern of a region is the result of socio-economic and natural parameters and their consumption by humans (Bhat et al. 2017). The unparalleled and uncontrolled rapid expansion caused negative effects on the urban dwellers and their environment (Chadchan and Shankar 2012). The built-up area is mainly considered as the parameter for quantifying urban sprawl (Torrens and Alberti 2000; Barnes et al. 2002; Epstein et al. 2002). When there is population growth in a city, the boundary of the city expands to Rukhsana · Md. Hasnine (*) Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Rukhsana et al. (eds.), Habitat, Ecology and Ekistics, Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49115-4_9
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accommodate the growing population, resulting in urban sprawl (Sierra Club 1998). Due to expansion of towns and cities beyond their limits and into their fringe areas and peripheries, it resulted in increasing urban population (Mosammam et al. 2017). Because of the increasing rate of global urbanization in intensity and area, there is a mounting interest in thoughtful implications with respect to a broad set of environmental factors containing encroachment of arable land (Lopez et al. 2001), change and loss of natural vegetation and climate at the global, regional and local level (Grimm et al. 2000). At the earlier stage of urban development, the movement of people or migration happe
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