Pores, Pimples and Pathologies: 3D Capture and Detailing of the Human Skin for 3D Medical Visualisation and Fabrication
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning of the human skin for 3D medical visualisation and printing does not often produce the desired results due to a number of factors including the specularity of human skin, difficulties in scanning fine structures such as the
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Pores, Pimples and Pathologies: 3D Capture and Detailing of the Human Skin for 3D Medical Visualisation and Fabrication Mark Roughley
Abstract
8.1
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning of the human skin for 3D medical visualisation and printing does not often produce the desired results due to a number of factors including the specularity of human skin, difficulties in scanning fine structures such as the hair and the capabilities of the scanning technologies utilised. Some additional 3D modelling may be required to make the surfaces more suitable for use in the production of anatomical and medical teaching resources, computerised facial depiction and design of bespoke prostheses. Three-dimensional scanned surfaces can be enhanced through digital sculpting and embossing of high-resolution photographs of the human skin.
Three-dimensional capture of the human body proves useful in a number of medical situations including the development of custom-designed prostheses (Bibb et al. 2000) and medical visualisation for education purposes. In recent years, the presence of computerised 3D scanning, modelling and fabrication technologies in the studios of the medical artist, forensic artist and maxillofacial prosthetist has become more commonplace (Palousek et al. 2014; Roughley and Wilkinson 2019; Wilkinson 2005). Such technologies have been adopted from engineering laboratories and visual effects (VFX) studios, and can assist in the production of accurate digital science communication materials, reduce the manufacture time and increase the aesthetic appearance of high- quality prostheses (Markiewicz and Bell 2011). The use of these technologies often demands higher investment in software, hardware and training for the practitioner (Mahoney and Wilkinson 2010; Palousek et al. 2014). More accessible, low-cost hardware solutions are available but require skilled practitioners and advanced training in order to elevate production quality and finish. Available 3D scanning technologies can be categorised into two types: low-cost solutions and high-cost solutions. Currently, most of these solutions operate without the need for physical
Keywords
Digital sculpting · 3D scanning · 3D modelling · 3D visualisation · ZBrush · Skin
M. Roughley (*) Liverpool School of Art and Design, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 P. M. Rea (ed.), Biomedical Visualisation, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1260, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47483-6_8
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Fig. 8.1 A low-cost structured light scanner (3D Systems Sense© scanner) being used to 3D capture a face
scanner registration targets to be placed on the object being captured. Low-cost solutions are often aimed at novice users or freelance practitioner and are typically USB plug and play, handheld, structured light devices that boast cameras similar to high-end smartphones (Fig. 8.1)
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