Potential benefits of promoting snowmelt by artificial snow blacking on the growth of winter wheat and their dependence
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Potential benefits of promoting snowmelt by artificial snow blacking on the growth of winter wheat and their dependence upon regional climate Seiji Shimoda 1
&
Takahiro Hamasaki 2
Received: 1 June 2020 / Revised: 9 September 2020 / Accepted: 20 September 2020 # ISB 2020
Abstract An earlier onset of regrowth after snow disappearance can enable wheat cultivars to avoid the hotter grain-filling period, without the need for early sowing in snowy regions. A blackened snow surface easily accelerates snow melting by absorbing solar radiation. In this study, we compare the yield components associated with snowmelt acceleration over 4 years and in 2 locations (Sapporo, SP, and Memuro, MM) in Japan, which exhibit contrasting autumn and spring climates. Early snow melting by snowblackening accelerated wheat growth in MM by a maximum of 4 days for heading and 3 days for anthesis. Moreover, accelerating wheat phenological growth improved the grain yield in MM in 2016. This is because wheat plants were less likely to experience the localised cool and rainy weather that typically occurs during anthesis in mid-June. Early anthesis would decrease the likelihood that wheat plants experiencing lower sunlight intensity during the grain-filling period owing to exposure to rainy weather. However, warmer autumn conditions in SP likely hindered the development of high-level cold resistance in overwintering wheat. Accelerating snowmelt is one possible tool for mitigating the fluctuations in regional wheat production; however, the effectiveness of snow-blackening depends on the regional climate. Keywords Ecosystem manipulation . Phenology . Anthesis . Overwintering . Albedo . Food security
Introduction Understanding the relationships between specific crop management and productivity is important for ensuring the successful adaptation to climate change. Increasing temperatures typically lead to rapid crop growth, which shifts to an earlier anthesis, ripening, and maturation period compared with the historical cropping schedule (Rezaei et al. 2017; Bönecke et al. 2020). At the mid-latitudes, wheat management focuses Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-02024-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Seiji Shimoda [email protected] 1
Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center Memuro Research Station, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Memuro, Hokkaido, Japan
2
Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
on accelerating growth to avoid increasingly regular hot summers (Gornall et al. 2010). High temperatures after heading or anthesis shorten the wheat grain-filling period and threaten stable production (e.g. Dias and Lidon 2009; Cho et al. 2012) because the grain weight increases with decreasing temperatures during the grain-filling period (Tashiro and Wardlaw 1989; Gibson and Paulsen 1999; Nishio et al. 2013). For winter wheat, accele
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