Potential Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria with Heavy Metal Resistance
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Potential Plant Growth‑Promoting Bacteria with Heavy Metal Resistance Derya Efe1 Received: 16 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria commonly have many strategies to cope with heavy metal toxicity. Heavy metalresistant PGP bacteria can be used to improve the growth of plants in heavy metal contaminated soils. In this study, the soil samples were collected from the lead–zinc mineral deposits in Gümüşhane Province, Turkey. Nine bacterial isolates were obtained on the nutrient agar medium supplemented with 100 mg/mL zinc and lead. All of the isolates were screened in terms of plant growth-promoting characteristics including production of indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore, nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilisation. Nine bacteria were identified as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus tropicus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus halotolerans, Bacillus vallismortis, and Enterococcus mundtii by classical and 16S rDNA-PCR assays. In addition, these isolates were evaluated for their response to three heavy metals (lead, zinc, copper) dominant in the soil samples and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the heavy metals was determined with plate dilution method. Consequently, the bacterial isolates in this study possess plant growth-promoting traits and can ameliorate heavy metal contaminated soil. E. mundtii was reported to be found in heavy metal contaminated soil for the first time. This study is the first report about PGP characteristics (IAA production and phosphate solubilisation) of B. vallismortis.
Introduction Contamination of soils with heavy metals has recently become a major environmental problem in all over the world. Heavy metals are defined as metals with density greater than 5 g/cm3 and atomic weights between 63.5 and 200.6 [1]. Heavy metals are found naturally in the environment due to a variety of processes such as volcanic activity, weathering of rocks [2]. Besides, anthropogenic activities such as mining, nuclear and automotive industries, extensive use of pesticides and fertilisers increase the concentration of heavy metals in environment [2]. The increased concentrations of these metals remain constant due to their stabile structures [3]. All living creatures need trace amounts of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02208-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users. * Derya Efe [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, 28000 Giresun, Turkey
some heavy metals to live. However, excessive concentrations of heavy metals have been known to be toxic to all organisms, particularly to microorganisms and plants [4, 5]. When plants are exposed to elevated concentration of heavy metal, they produce reactive oxygen species whi
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