Potential Risk and Occupational Exposure of Pesticides Among Rice Farmers of a Village Located in Northern Peninsular of
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Potential Risk and Occupational Exposure of Pesticides Among Rice Farmers of a Village Located in Northern Peninsular of Malaysia Nur Anis Ahmad1 · Ali Salehabadi1 · Syahidah Akmal Muhammad1,2 · Mardiana Idayu Ahmad1 Received: 8 August 2019 / Revised: 30 October 2019 / Accepted: 11 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Farmers globally withstand a range of carcinogenic exposures, including pesticides (solid and liquid), trace elements, wood dusts, and solar radiation. However, the potential risk and occupational exposure require more attention, since farming is a very diverse occupation with many tasks. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess potential risks and occupational exposure of pesticides among rice farmers in Malaysia. Field data are collected in a village located in the Northern Peninsular of Malaysia. Thirty-two farmers (which are assigned as F1 to F32) are selected for a thorough look at the farms. In the Northern Peninsular of Malaysia, four different pesticides are frequently used by the rice farmers including buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, difenoconazole, and lambda cyhalothrin. In order to follow up the right trend of exposure rate (ER), the farmers categorise/ rank into two levels, 3 and 4, with respect to hazard rating (HR) and frequency rating (FR), and in terms of magnitude rating (MR), they assort into 3 to 5 levels. Finally, a risk matrix is designed during risk assessment to calculate the risk rating (RR). It can be deduced that the rice farmers are a high-risk group in relation to harmful exposure of pesticides under categories 3 to 5. Since the farmers are exposure to a wide variety of different carcinogens, several risk minimisation strategies (as recommended) are urgently required, in order to reduce the impact of exposure. Keywords Risk assessment · Pesticides · Rice farmers · CHRA · Occupational exposure
Introduction Pesticides are toxic and hazardous chemicals, with intended use to destroy/control pest populations (Ogbeide et al. 2016). Various pesticides have been used since 1950s to kill selected pest organisms (Jørgensen et al. 2018). It is estimated that approximately 2.0 billion people engage in agriculture and use pesticides to protect their products (Abhilash and Singh 2009). These chemical compounds are commonly classified based on their target organisms, for example insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, rodenticide, mollucicide, and nematocide. * Ali Salehabadi [email protected] * Mardiana Idayu Ahmad [email protected] 1
Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Penang, Malaysia
Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Penang, Malaysia
2
Farmers in developing countries, especially in agricultural sector, use pesticides extensively in order to increase productivity of yield (Damalas et al. 2011). However, the chemical nature of the pesticides can affect environment and human health (Sabarwal et al. 2018). A few poisoning incid
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