Practical Nanomaterials and Nanostructures in Electronics
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Practical Nanomaterials and Nanostructures in Electronics Alan Rae NanoDynamics Inc. 901 Fuhrmann Blvd., Buffalo NY 14203, U.S.A. ABSTRACT A quiet revolution is occurring in electronics where nanometals have the ability to revolutionize adhesives and solders, nano oxides are revolutionizing fuel cell efficiency, and nanowires as well as nanotubes have the potential both to enhance short term evolutionary and long term revolutionary improvement. This paper outlines some roadmap predictions and picks three areas with concrete examplesnano metals for ink jet formation of circuits, nano oxides in fuel cells, and lithographically developed nanowires for sensor application and details technical and commercial progress. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is receiving a lot of attention and investment from companies, universities and governments. The US National Nanotechnology Initiative is matched by initiatives in Europe and Asia with total government spending reaching $4bn and private spending totaling over $5bn according to the NNI and other sources. There is a lot of uncertainty about the potential to enhance or supplant existing industries and whether it will provide practical and economic products for the future. In reality, nanotechnology isn’t really one technology. It is a toolkit for the electronics industry, giving us tools that allow us to make nanomaterials and nanostructures with special properties modified by ultra-fine particle size, crystallinity, structure or surfaces. These will become commercially important only when they give a cost and performance advantage over existing products or allow us to create new products. Nanotechnology can offer us: • • • • •
Uniform particles – metal, oxide, ceramics, composite Reactive particles – as above Unusual optical, thermal and electronic properties – phosphors, heat pipes, percolation based conductors. Nano-structured materials – tubes, balls, hooks, surfaces. Directed-assembly – liquid-based, vapor based or even by diffusion in the solid state.
The 2004 iNEMI roadmap is a comprehensive survey that reviews the issues affecting the entire electronics supply chain. Gaps in the technology or infrastructure that can adversely affect iNEMI members are identified, and the NEMI Research Committee was formed to prioritize and
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disposition the tasks and identify companies, universities and government laboratories that can address them for the mutual good. Almost every roadmap chapter in 2004 identifies aspects of nanotechnology that can enhance existing products or replace their structure or function. Some of these are outlined below: Long term issues Once CMOS technology dips below about 20nm resolution, quantum effects such as electron tunneling start to result in phenomena like unacceptable leakage; the only way to move below that size is to utilize these and other quantum effects in new types of minute structures, be they pure electronic or bio-electronic (remember, the most effective and energy efficient computer available sits on your should
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