Preconcentration/Extraction of Phthalate Esters in Milk Samples Using MFe 2 O 4 -Based Magnetic Ionic Liquid Effervescen
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Preconcentration/Extraction of Phthalate Esters in Milk Samples Using MFe2O4-Based Magnetic Ionic Liquid Effervescent Tablets Consisting of Accessory Functional Fillers Jia Wu 1 & Jun Li 2 & Yingjie Chen 1 & Xiujie Bao 1 & Han Tang 1 & Shuyan Ma 1 & Shanle Zhou 1 & Mengyu Xu 1 & Junyu Tao 1 & Wu Wang 1 & Xuedong Wang 3 Received: 7 February 2019 / Accepted: 3 May 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Magnetic effervescent tablet-based (MEFTs) microextraction has recently gained much attention because it requires no physical energy inputs or dispersive solvent. A prominent shortcoming of MEFTs results from the short tablet storage period owing to rapid absorption of moisture, thereby making it impracticable for field use. Physico-chemical properties of MEFTs were greatly improved by the addition of water-soluble starch, such as hygroscopicity, storage/stability period, adherence, effervescent time, and intensity. MEFTs were used in a MFe2O4-based magnetic ionic liquid effervescent tablet microextraction (MMIL-ETM) for preconcentration/extraction of trace phthalate esters (PAEs) in milk matrices. This MMIL-ETM method provided three distinct advantages: (1) MEFTs integrate water-soluble starch as a functional filler, leading to longer tablet storage/stability; (2) combined effervescent dispersion and rapid retrieval of NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) result in substantial time saving; and (3) integration of ionic liquid-based extraction with MNP adsorption produces high PAEs extraction recoveries. Optimized experimental parameters were as follows: 0.77 g mixture of Na2CO3 and water-soluble starch, 7 mg NiFe2O4 (30 nm), 50 μL [HMIM]NTf2, solution pH 2.3, and 300 μL acetonitrile as elution solvent. Under optimized conditions, extraction recoveries for four PAEs reached as high as 94.8–105.6%, LODs were as low as 0.042 μg L−1, and RSDs were < 5.4% for intra- and interday precisions. Due to the longer stable storage period and rapid dispersion without additional physical energy inputs, the proposed MMIL-ETM method shows great potential application for routine food monitoring under field conditions. Keywords Phthalate esters . Magnetic ionic liquid effervescent tablet . Water-soluble starch . Magnetic nanoparticles . Physico-chemical properties of effervescent tablets . Milk
Co-first author: Jun Li Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-019-01535-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Wu Wang [email protected] * Xuedong Wang [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
2
Present address: Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
3
Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, College of Public Health and Manage
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