Determination of Sudan Dyes in Juice Samples via Solidification of Ionic Liquid in Microwave-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Micr
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Determination of Sudan Dyes in Juice Samples via Solidification of Ionic Liquid in Microwave-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mingzhu Hu 1 & Lijie Wu 1 & Ying Song 1 & Zhanchao Li 1 & Qiang Ma 2 & Hanqi Zhang 1 & Ziming Wang 1
Received: 5 September 2015 / Accepted: 18 December 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Solidification of ionic liquid (SIL) has been applied in microwave-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method for analyzing Sudan dyes in juice samples. 1-Ethy-3methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C2MIM][PF6]) was selected as the extraction solvent due to its relatively high melting point. With the aid of microwave irradiation, the dyes could be easily extracted into ionic liquid phase without dispersive solvent. The solid microdroplet could be easily separated from liquid. Compared with traditional dispersive liquidliquid microextraction, this method will greatly simplify the collection procedure and shorten the operation time. Several experimental parameters, including the amount of ionic liquid, microwave power and irradiation time, pH of sample solution, and ionic strength, were systematically investigated and optimized. The limits of detection for Sudan I, II, III, and IV were 1.08, 1.30, 1.14, and 1.19 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of the analytes ranged from 83.42 to 115.56 % and relative standard deviations were lower than 11.53 %, when the present method was applied to the analysis of real samples.
Keywords Microwave-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction . Solidification of ionic liquid . Sudan dyes . Juice . High-performance liquid chromatography
* Ziming Wang [email protected]
1
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
2
Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China
Introduction Sudan dyes are a group of lipophilic azo dyes that are widely used as coloring agents in oils, waxes, floor and shoe polishes, and printing inks (Li et al. 2014; Murty et al. 2009). However, the azo functional groups and aromatic rings in Sudan dyes may lead to adverse effects on health such as allergic and asthmatic reactions, DNA damage, hyperactivity, and liver cancer (Zhao et al. 2012). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified these Sudan dyes as category 3 carcinogen (Ávila et al. 2011). Consequently, the addition of Sudan dyes to foodstuff is forbidden in any national and international food regulation act (Qiao et al. 2011). Unfortunately, the illegal use of the dyes has still been found in varieties of foodstuffs due to their fresh color, colorfastness, wide availability, and low cost (Schummer et al. 2013). Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop a rapid, reliable, effective, and environmental friendly method for the identification and quantification of Sudan dyes. Until now, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Ertas et al. 2007), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS; Chen et al. 2013), gas
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