Prediction of mechanical and penetrability properties of cement-stabilized clay exposed to sulfate attack by use of soft
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Prediction of mechanical and penetrability properties of cementstabilized clay exposed to sulfate attack by use of soft computing methods Alper Sezer1 • Go¨zde ˙Inan Sezer1 • Ali Mardani-Aghabaglou2
•
Selim Altun1
Received: 23 September 2019 / Accepted: 25 April 2020 Ó Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Similar to its effects on any type of cementitious composite, it is a well-known fact that sulfate attack has also a negative influence on engineering behavior of cement-stabilized soils. However, the level of degradation in engineering properties of the cement-stabilized soils still needs more scientific attention. In the light of this, a database including a total of 260 unconfined compression and chloride ion penetration tests on cement-stabilized kaolin specimens exposed to sulfate attack was constituted. The data include information about cement type (sulfate resistant—SR; normal portland (N) and pozzolanic—P), and its content (0, 5, 10 and 15%), sulfate type (sodium or magnesium sulfate) as well as its concentration (0.3, 0.5, 1%) and curing period (1, 7, 28 and 90 days). Using this database, linear and nonlinear regression analysis (RA), backpropagation neural networks and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference techniques were employed to question whether these methods are capable of predicting unconfined compressive strength and chloride ion penetration of cement-stabilized clay exposed to sulfate attack. The results revealed that these methods have a great potential in modeling the strength and penetrability properties of cement-stabilized clays exposed to sulfate attack. While the performance of regression method is at an acceptable level, results show that adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems and backpropagation neural networks are superior in modeling. Keywords Cement-stabilized soil Strength Penetrability BPNN ANFIS Soft computing
1 Introduction Inarguably, cement is a very powerful soil improvement agent which can be utilized in either deep mixing or shallow soil stabilization. Stabilization by cement increases the strength, stiffness and durability of soils while reducing its permeability and permittivity. Many studies concerning benefits obtained by cement stabilization are encountered in the literature [1–5]. In this regard, one of the most important studies clearly explaining the mechanism of cement stabilization was carried out by Schaefer et al. [6].
& Ali Mardani-Aghabaglou [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ege University, Bornova, ˙Izmir, Turkey
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Nilu¨fer, Bursa, Turkey
As emphasized by authors, cement stabilization is constituted of four consecutive steps, as schematically given in Fig. 1. In the first phase, binder is hydrated, causing a significant loss in water content. Later, ion exchange causes an additional improvement in physical properties of soils; howev
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