Pregnancy Complications and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome for the Offspring
- PDF / 168,843 Bytes
- 7 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 111 Downloads / 184 Views
WOMEN AND HEART DISEASE (J ROBINSON, SECTION EDITOR)
Pregnancy Complications and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome for the Offspring Kelli K. Ryckman & Kristi S. Borowski & Nisha I. Parikh & Audrey F. Saftlas
Published online: 9 April 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Metabolic syndrome is a growing problem globally, and is a contributor to non-communicable diseases such as type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The risk of developing specific components of the metabolic syndrome such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and elevated fasting blood sugar has been largely attributed to environmental stressors including poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and smoking. However, large epidemiologic cohorts and experimental animal models support the “developmental origins of adult disease” hypothesis, which posits that a significant portion of the risk for adult metabolic conditions is determined by exposures occurring in the perinatal period. Maternal obesity and the rate of complications during pregnancy such as preterm birth, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes continue to rise. As our ability to reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality improves the long-term metabolic consequences remain uncertain, pointing to the need for further research in this area. Keywords Maternal obesity . Gestational diabetes . Preeclampsia . Metabolic syndrome . Hypertension . Hyperlipidemia . Type II diabetes . Cardiovascular disease . Pregnancy complications K. K. Ryckman (*) : A. F. Saftlas Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 105 River St, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA e-mail: [email protected] A. F. Saftlas e-mail: [email protected] K. S. Borowski Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA e-mail: [email protected] N. I. Parikh Cardiovascular Division, The Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Metabolic syndrome is defined as the presence of at least 3 of the following metabolic risk factors: abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood sugar [1]. Metabolic syndrome is a growing global health issue and is a risk factor for incident diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is a substantial body of evidence demonstrating that environmental exposures in adolescence and adulthood such as poor nutrition, a sedentary lifestyle, and smoking contribute significantly to the risk of metabolic syndrome. In addition to childhood and adulthood environmental exposures, there is growing evidence that in utero exposures also contribute to metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the identification of metabolic syndrome in children and young adults may facilitate primary prevention efforts, before the onset of overt CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). “Developmental programming” also referred to as “fetal origins of adult disease” or the “Barker Hypothesis”, is the basis for the observation that low birth weight is not only associated with
Data Loading...
