Preparation and electrochemical capacitive performance of phenolated calcium lignosulfonate-based phenol formaldehyde re
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Lignin-based phenol formaldehyde resin was synthesized using phenolated calcium lignosulfonate, and porous carbon with good wettability was prepared after carbonization and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation. The results indicated that when the KOH to the carbonized sample mass ratio was 6:1, the prepared carbon had a rich porous structure and higher surface area, with a specific surface area of 1320.13 m2/g. Furthermore, the porous carbon exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 204.88 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g in the potential range 1.0 to 0 V in a 6 M KOH solution and a low equivalent series resistance of 0.64 X. The phenolated calcium lignosulfonate-based phenol formaldehyde resin porous carbon demonstrated a favorable electric double-layer performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the aim of promoting sustainable development, substantial effort has been dedicated to environmentally friendly energy sources to reduce both the emission of greenhouse gases and hazardous substances, and mitigate energy dependence on dwindling fossil fuel supplies.1 Renewable electrical energy is a clean, highly efficient, and convenient secondary energy source that has been increasingly used in many electricity sectors worldwide.2 Electrical energy generated from renewable resources, such as wind energy, solar energy, and hydropower can effectively solve the abovementioned problems.3 Energy storage technology is particularly important in the process of energy utilization,4 and in this regard, supercapacitors have been widely investigated in recent years.5 Supercapacitors, also known as electric double-layer capacitors, utilize the adsorption of electrolyte ions during energy storage. During the release of energy, a similar process involving the desorption of electrolyte ions previously adsorbed onto the surface of the electrode occurs; this is a reversible electrostatic surface charging process.6 Therefore, supercapacitors are characterized by high charge/discharge rates,7 high power densities,8 and long cycle lifetimes.9 The electrode is an important part of a supercapacitor and can greatly impact the performance of these
Contributing Editor: Tianyu Liu Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.38
devices.10 Carbon electrode materials have drawn significant attention owing to their high specific surface area, good conductivity, and excellent chemical stability.11,12 These materials include activated carbons, carbon aerogels, and carbon nanotubes13 that have been widely utilized as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Among all carbon materials, hierarchical porous carbons with a high specific surface area and abundant porosity are promising electrode materials.14 However, the energy density of supercapacitors is currently significantly lower than that of batteries, which limits their wide application.15 Based on the electrical double-layer chargestorage mechanism of supercapacitors, not all the pores are electrochemically accessible.
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