Preparation and Modification of Activated Carbon Surface and Functions for Environments
Preparation and modification of activated carbon (AC) and activated carbon fiber (ACF) were described for the adsorptive removal of contaminants from aqueous phase. For hydrophobic and nonpolar organic pollutants, specific surface area and pore distributi
- PDF / 1,509,457 Bytes
- 32 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 25 Downloads / 172 Views
Contents 1 Pollution of Aquatic Environment 2 Adsorbents for Organic Pollutants 3 Adsorbents for Ionic Pollutants 3.1 Cationic Contaminants 3.2 Anionic Contaminants 4 Conclusion References
Abstract Preparation and modification of activated carbon (AC) and activated carbon fiber (ACF) were described for the adsorptive removal of contaminants from aqueous phase. For hydrophobic and nonpolar organic pollutants, specific surface area and pore distribution of hydrophobic carbon surface play an important role. On the contrary, hydrophilic carbon surface containing heterolytic oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing functional groups is required for capturing ionic pollutants rather than specific surface area. Carboxy groups was successfully introduced onto carbon surface to remove cationic contaminants as heavy metal cations of Pb2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, etc., while quaternary nitrogen could be formed to some extent on carbon surface for uptaking anionic pollutants of nitrate, phosphate, Cr2O42, AsO43, etc. However, introduction of sulfonic functional groups onto carbon surface for cationic pollutants and alkylamine groups for anionic pollutants has still been challenging subjects.
M. Machida (*) and Y. Amano Safety and Health Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Shunitz Tanaka, Masaaki Kurasaki, Masaaki Morikawa, and Yuichi Kamiya (eds.), Design of Materials and Technologies for Environmental Remediation, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_673, © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020
M. Machida and Y. Amano
Keywords Activated carbon fiber, Adsorption of ionic pollutants, Oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups, Positively charged quaternary nitrogen, Surface chemistry, Textural properties
1 Pollution of Aquatic Environment In this chapter, porous carbonaceous materials and their surface modification for adsorptive removal of contaminants in aquatic environments were described based on our previous study and some literature survey. Before detail description regarding carbon, char, and fiber, we would like to mention the background of the study to show significance of the developments of new type of porous carbonaceous materials with hetero-atom (N, O, S) functionalized surface. Pollution of aquatic environment can be defined as contaminations of undesired materials of organic and inorganic compounds found in sea, river, lake, and groundwater. In the pollution of organic materials, not only conventional polycyclic and mono-aromatic organic compounds mainly originated from crude oil but also pesticides and insecticides [1], and nowadays pharmaceuticals and antibiotics [2, 3] are involved for the study field. In regard to inorganic pollutants in aquatic system, heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) are frequently found worldwide, especially in China, due to rapid urbanization and
Data Loading...
