Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Derived from Waste Rubber Tire via Chemical Activation with ZnCl2:
Turning waste to wealth is an important aspect in promoting green technology. In this study, activated carbon from waste rubber tire was prepared using chemical activation (ZnCl2) by way of a two-stage activation in self-generated atmosphere method. The p
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2,4-Dichlorophenol Kinetics Rubber tire
C. G. Joseph (&) Y. L. Sharain-Liew Water Research Unit, School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] G. G. Hoon Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah, 88997 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia D. Krishnaiah M. Massuanna Chemical Engineering Programme. School of Engineering and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
R. Pogaku et al. (eds.), Developments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6208-8_44, Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Introduction Motor vehicles have become an indispensable and the most popular means of transportation in the world today. In Malaysia, the number of motor vehicles on the road recorded upward trend for the past few years. The Minister of Transport, Datuk Seri Kong Cho Ha said that the total number of registered motor vehicles increased around 11.74 % from the previous year (The Star 2011). Statistics from the Road and Transport Department of the Transport Ministry showed that the total number of registered motor vehicles up to 30 June 2011, was 20,806,554 and approximately 1.4 million rubber tires are dumped every month (Ministry of Transportation 2011). Tires are designed to be extremely resistant to physical, chemical, and biological degradation, making them difficult to be recycled with existing technology. Dumping waste tires at disposal sites poses a high fire hazard risk because they are difficult to be extinguished, besides having a detrimental effect on the atmosphere, soil, and groundwater. In addition, disposal sites for waste rubber tires have become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and rats and have increasingly taken up large amounts of valuable landfill space (USM 2011). A few alternatives for recycling waste tire, such as retreading, reclaiming, incineration, and grinding, have been used to give waste tires a new lease of life (de Marco Rodriguez et al. 2001). Processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion have been extensively studied for energy recovery and for the production of high commercial value materials such as activated carbon (Betancur et al. 2009; Wojtowizz and Serio 1996; Bajus and Olahová 2011). Oil refineries, coal gasification sites, and petrochemical units generate large amounts of industrial contaminants such as phenols. In addition, phenolic compounds and their derivatives are widely used as intermediate in the industrial synthesis of plastic, pesticides, and dyes (Da˛browski et al. 2005). Since phenolic compounds are highly toxic, carcinogenic and have poor biodegradability, they are harmful to human beings. Therefore, it is imperative that these should be removed from water sources; 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) is a chlorinated aromatic compound with a chlorine atom each at positions 2 and 4 of the phenol ring. It is a common pollutant and a primary reagent in the sy
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