Preparation of a Sulfonated Porous Carbon Catalyst with High Specific Surface Area
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Preparation of a Sulfonated Porous Carbon Catalyst with High Specific Surface Area Masaaki Kitano Æ Keisuke Arai Æ Atsushi Kodama Æ Tsutomu Kousaka Æ Kiyotaka Nakajima Æ Shigenobu Hayashi Æ Michikazu Hara
Received: 28 April 2009 / Accepted: 4 June 2009 / Published online: 23 June 2009 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009
Abstract A sulfonated (SO3H-bearing) carbon catalyst with mesoporous structure and high specific surface area is successfully prepared by impregnating the cellulosic precursor (wood powder) with ZnCl2 prior to activation and sulfonation. The specific surface area of the porous carbon catalyst thus prepared is also found to increase with carbonization temperature to a maximum of 1,560 m2 g-1 at ca. 773 K. Structural analyses reveal that the porous carbon catalysts carbonized at temperatures higher than 723 K contain high densities of micro- and mesopores. The porous carbon catalyst exhibits high catalytic performance for the esterification of acetic acid (343 K), the activity for which is dependent only on the acid density. The porous carbon catalyst also exhibits high catalytic activity for the benzylation of toluene, whereas non-porous sulfonated carbon has very limited activity for this reaction. The activity for the benzylation of toluene is dependent on both the specific surface area and the acid density of the sulfonated porous carbon catalyst. M. Kitano K. Nakajima M. Hara (&) Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan e-mail: [email protected] K. Arai M. Hara Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan A. Kodama T. Kousaka Futamura Chemical CO. LTD, 2-29-16 Meieki, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya 450-0002, Japan S. Hayashi Research Institute of Instrumentation Frontier, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Keywords Solid acid Porous carbon ZnCl2 Hydrophobic acid-catalyzed reaction
1 Introduction Homogeneous acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid are used extensively in organic chemical reactions for the production of industrially important chemicals. Although sulfuric acid is inexpensive and highly active, its use is wasteful and energy-inefficient, requiring separation, recycling, and treatment of waste sulfuric acid. The move toward more environmentally sustainable approaches to chemical processing has stimulated the development of recyclable solid acid catalysts as replacements for such unrecyclable systems [1–7]. Solid acid catalysts can be readily separated from liquid products by decantation or filtration, and the catalyst material can be reused for the reaction without neutralization, minimizing energy consumption and waste. In our previous work, a carbon-based solid acid consisting of polycyclic aromatic carbon and functional groups such as a sulfonic acid groups was demonstrated to act as a strong solid acid catalyst for various acid-catalyzed r
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