Preparation of cellulose-rich membranes from wood: effect of wood pretreatment process on membrane performance
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Preparation of cellulose-rich membranes from wood: effect of wood pretreatment process on membrane performance Anastasiia Lopatina . Ikenna Anugwom . Mohammadamin Esmaeili . Liisa Puro . Tiina Virtanen . Mika Ma¨ntta¨ri . Mari Kallioinen
Received: 13 February 2020 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In this study cellulose-rich membranes were fabricated from untreated and treated hardwood biomass solutions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc])—dimetylsulfoxide (DMSO) system via wet phase separation. Wood treatment methods aimed to get purified cellulose fraction of wood. Treatment sequence was as followed: deep eutectic solvent pretreatment, sodium chlorite bleaching, and alkaline treatment. Resulted biomass after each treatment step was characterized by chemical composition and crystalline fraction content. Flatsheet membranes were produced from biomass samples after each treatment step. Characterization of membranes included measurements of pure water
permeability and (poly)ethyleneglycol 35 kDa retention, Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. The study revealed that it was possible to fabricate membrane from untreated wood as well as from wood biomass after each of treatment steps. The resulted membranes differed in chemical composition and filtration performance. Membrane prepared directly from untreated wood had the highest permeability, the lowest retention; and the most complex chemical composition among others. As treatment steps removed lignin and hemicelluloses from the wood biomass, the corresponding membranes became chemically more homogeneous and showed increased retention and decreased permeability values.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03430-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords Membrane Cellulose Wood 1-ethyl3-methylimidazolium acetate Deep eutectic solvent Ultrafiltration
A. Lopatina (&) M. Esmaeili L. Puro T. Virtanen M. Ma¨ntta¨ri M. Kallioinen Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland e-mail: [email protected]
M. Ma¨ntta¨ri e-mail: [email protected]
M. Esmaeili e-mail: [email protected] L. Puro e-mail: [email protected]
M. Kallioinen e-mail: [email protected] I. Anugwom LUT Re-Source Research Platform, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland e-mail: [email protected]
T. Virtanen e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Introduction Cellulose is considered an abundant renewable resource of great potential for bio-based materials and products. The attractive mechanical properties of this biopolymer enable production of a wide range of cellulose-based materials (Zhang et al. 2017; Khakalo et al. 2019). The presence of many hydroxyl groups
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