Preparation of three-dimensional graphene free-standing electrochemical sensor and its potential application in glucose
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Preparation of three‑dimensional graphene free‑standing electrochemical sensor and its potential application in glucose determination Xingchen Zhai2 · Pan Chen2 · Weiqiang Cao3 · Jia Liu1 · A. M. Abd El‑Aty4,5 · Ahmet Hacımüftüoğlu5 · Xin Yang2 Received: 21 November 2019 / Accepted: 27 May 2020 © Iranian Chemical Society 2020
Abstract Lightweight, flexible electrodes based on three-dimensional (3D) graphene have attracted increasing attention owing to their potential applications in many fields. In this work, we developed 3D graphene through different methods and evaluated the potential of these materials as free-standing electrodes. Finally, the 3D graphene synthesized by hydrothermal gelation with cobalt ions as a cross-linking agent had the best electrochemical sensor performance. With our focus on practical applications, we further modified polydopamine and concanavalin A onto the 3D graphene to make it suitable for the detection of glucose. Under the optimum conditions, the impedance change in the free-standing electrode and the concentration of glucose have a good linear relationship in the range of 0.05–0.35 μmol/L and a limit of detection of 0.01 μmol/L. The electrochemical biosensor exhibited good sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. The fabricated biosensor was employed for the detection of glucose in mouse serum samples and provided satisfactory results. Therefore, the synthesized 3D graphene offers a new opportunity for immobilizing other biomolecules and fabricating biosensors. Graphic abstract Preparation of functionalized three-dimensional graphene free-standing electrochemical sensor.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01961-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society
Keywords Three-dimensional graphene · Free-standing electrode · Electrochemical sensor · Glucose
Introduction Graphene, a monolayer of graphite, has attracted substantial interest due to its unique two-dimensional (2D) structure and excellent electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. In recent years, many functional materials based on graphene have been developed and the signal amplification effect has made graphene one of the most popular choices for electrical sensors and electrodes. Balamurugan et al. [1] synthesized a novel FeN nanoparticle/nitrogen-doped graphene by a onestep method and modified this core–shell composite on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode to improve its electrocatalytic activity for reduced coenzyme I (NADH) oxidation. Afkhami et al. [2] prepared a nanocomposite film consisting of Au nanoparticles/graphene-chitosan to use as an impedimetric immunosensor for the rapid and sensitive detection of type A botulinum toxin. Although graphene is relatively “large” and flexible, it has inherent drawbacks: (1) irreversible aggl
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