Graphene Protein Field Effect Biomedical Sensor for Glucose Measurements
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Graphene Protein Field Effect Biomedical Sensor for Glucose Measurements Dorian Liepmann,1 Kiana Aran,1 Pulickel M. Ajayan,2 Sowmya Viswanathan,3 Pingzuo Li,4 and V. Renugopalakrishnan4,5 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX77005, USA 3 Newton Wellesley Hospital/ Partners Healthcare System, Newton, MA 02462, USA. 4 Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, USA 5 Department of Chemistry, Center for Renewable Energy Technology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA. ABSTRACT The need for improved medical sensors based on lab-on-a-chip technologies has increased significantly because of the dramatic growth in the number of people with chronic diseases and the associated costs for their healthcare. Development and initial results of a hybrid plastic microfluidic device with an integrated graphene-protein biosensor chip for use in pointof-care (POC) is described. The initial prototype is a glucometer that uses optimized glucose oxidase bound to a graphene field effect sensor. Technologies required for development of the prototype include modification of the glucose oxidase for improved performance by protein engineering, methods to bind the enzyme to the graphene attached to the silicon oxide surface of sensor chip, and integration into a thermoplastic microfluidic device. Initial results indicate the prototype glucometer can measure glucose concentrations from low physiological levels to molar concentrations. INTRODUCTION The need for improved medical sensors based on lab-on-a-chip technologies has increased significantly because of the dramatic growth in the number of people with chronic diseases and the associated costs for their healthcare. Advantages of miniaturization are to save time and reagents, enabling rapid and inexpensive assays and reducing the need for skilled personnel. In addition, home-based sensors must be able to work with a drop of blood or saliva and cannot require large samples of blood plasma if they are going to be distributed. A prototype graphene-based POC device is being developed that will use surface-bound enzymes for measurement of specific analytes. Technologies required for development of the prototype include modification of the enzyme for improved performance by protein engineering, methods to bind the enzyme to the graphene attached to the silicon oxide surface of sensor chip, and integration into a thermoplastic microfluidic device.
Figure 1. Prototype glucose sensor showing the graphene chip imbedded in a thermoplasticbased microfluidic system. Enzyme based biosensors have demonstrated a great deal of interest, especially for glucose biosensing. Glucose sensors are critical in the treatment of diabetes and measure the concentration of glucose in blood or interstitial fluid. Glucose Oxidase (GOx), an oxidoreductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose, has been widely used in commercial senso
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