Prevalence, Psychological Responses and Associated Correlates of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in a Global Population,
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Prevalence, Psychological Responses and Associated Correlates of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in a Global Population, During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID‑19) Pandemic Syed Mustafa Ali Shah1 · Danish Mohammad1 · Muhammad Fazal Hussain Qureshi1 · Mohammad Zain Abbas1 · Sameeha Aleem2 Received: 18 August 2020 / Accepted: 10 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Uncertainty and isolation have been linked to mental health problems. Uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to trigger mental health problems, which include anxiety, stress, and depression. This paper evaluates the prevalence, psychological responses, and associated correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a global population during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. A cross-sectional study design was adopted. 678 completed forms were collected during the COVID-19 quarantine/lockdown. An online questionnaire was designed and DASS-21 was used as the screening tool. A non-probability sampling technique strategy was applied. 50.9% of participants showed traits of anxiety, 57.4% showed signs of stress, and 58.6% exhibited depression. Stress, anxiety, and depression are overwhelmingly prevalent across the globe during this COVID-19 pandemic, and multiple factors can influence the rates of these mental health conditions. Our factorial analysis showed notable associations and manifestations of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. People aged 18–24, females, and people in non-marital relationships experienced stress, anxiety, and depression. Separated individuals experienced stress and anxiety. Married people experienced anxiety. Single and divorced people experienced depression. Unemployed individuals experienced stress and depression. Students experienced anxiety and depression. Canada, the UK, and Pakistan are all countries that are experiencing stress and depression as a whole. An extended number of days in quarantine was associated with increased stress, anxiety, and depression. Family presence yielded lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Lastly, lack of exercise was associated with increased stress, anxiety, and depression. Keywords Stress · Anxiety · Depression · COVID 19 · Corona · Quarantine
Introduction On the 30th of January, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern (Gallegos 2020). On March 11, they declared it a global pandemic, their first such decision since they declared H1N1 influenza a pandemic back in 2009 (Times 2020). As of 24th May, 2020, there were over 5.2 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, * Muhammad Fazal Hussain Qureshi [email protected] 1
Ziauddin University, 4/B, Shahrah‑e‑Ghalib, Block 6, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Psychiatry (MBBS, FCPS), Ziauddin Medical Hospital, KDLB Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
2
and over 330,000 confirmed deaths worldwide (Organization 2020). As a response to this g
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