Prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, stress and perceived stress in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, stress and perceived stress in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 Atefeh Zandifar 1,2 & Rahim Badrfam 3 & Shahrooz Yazdani 1 & Seyed Masoud Arzaghi 4 & Fatemeh Rahimi 1 & Somayeh Ghasemi 5 & Somayeh Khamisabadi 5 & Nami Mohammadian Khonsari 6 & Mostafa Qorbani 7,8 Received: 24 August 2020 / Accepted: 19 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose COVID-19, a disease that can be transmitted from person to person and with serious health problems, can be associated with mental health disorders. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, stress, and stress perception among a group of patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 106 inpatients with COVID-19 who had stable clinical conditions were evaluated psychologically by two questionnaires: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Results More than one third of patients had underlying disease. Overall, 97.2% of patients with COVID-19 had some degree of depression. Severity of depression, according to the DASS questionnaire, was 85.8%. All patients (100%) had severe (0.9%) and very severe (99.1%) anxiety. Regarding to stress levels, 97.1% of patients had some degree of stress. In the severity of stress category, 84.9% of patients had severe and very severe stress. In terms of perceived stress, 73.6% of patients had high levels and 22.6% had moderate levels. A positive strong correlation was found between depression and perceived stress (Coefficient: 0.33, P-value: 0.001). Correlation between anxiety and perceived stress was statistically significant (Coefficient: 0.2, P-value: 0.04). Conclusions The existence of such a high prevalence and severity of psychiatric disorders among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 underscores the need for serious attention to the mental health status of these patients. It seems that health policymakers need to have coherent plans for screening cases and managing related situations. Keywords COVID-19 . Patients . Depression . Anxiety . Stress . Management
* Mostafa Qorbani [email protected]
1
Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rajaei Educational & Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Atefeh Zandifar [email protected]
2
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Rahim Badrfam [email protected]
3
Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Shahrooz Yazdani [email protected]
4
Seyed Masoud Arzaghi [email protected]
Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5
Fatemeh Rahimi [email protected]
Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Rajaei Educational & Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
6
Somayeh Gh
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