Primary structures and conformations of stonefish toxin-like toxins from three species of rabbitfish, Siganus puellus ,
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chemistry and Biochemistry
Primary structures and conformations of stonefish toxin‑like toxins from three species of rabbitfish, Siganus puellus, Siganus unimaculatus, and Siganus virgatus Aya Yoshinaga‑Kiriake1 · Yuji Nagashima2 · Shoichiro Ishizaki1 · Kazuo Shiomi1 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 © Japanese Society of Fisheries Science 2020
Abstract This study was undertaken on three species of rabbitfish, Siganus puellus, Siganus unimaculatus, and Siganus virgatus, to clarify whether stonefish toxin-like toxins are distributed in rabbitfish. The primary structures of toxins from these three species of rabbitfish were successfully elucidated by complementary DNA cloning and found to comprise two different subunits with almost the same molecular mass, i.e., 70–80 kDa. Based on the heterodimeric structure, molecular size, and amino acid sequence features, the toxins from the three species of rabbitfish were judged to be analogues of the stonefish toxins. The amino acid sequences of the toxins from S. puellus and S. unimaculatus were very similar, and distinguishable from those of S. virgatus and S. fuscescens. Homology modeling indicated that the predicted three-dimensional structures of the rabbitfish toxins are comparable to that of stonustoxin (a toxin of the stonefish Synanceia horrida), as they are composed of four domains. It is thus assumed that the rabbitfish toxins form pores in cell membranes by essentially the same mechanism as stonustoxin, although the rabbitfish toxins have alterations of some amino acid residues that are suggested to be critical for the interaction between the two subunits of stonustoxin. Keywords Rabbitfish · Siganus puellus · Siganus unimaculatus · Siganus virgatus · Stonefish toxin-like toxin · Venom
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-020-01455-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yuji Nagashima yuji‑[email protected] Aya Yoshinaga‑Kiriake [email protected] Shoichiro Ishizaki [email protected] Kazuo Shiomi [email protected] 1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4‑5‑7 Konan, Minato‑ku, Tokyo 108‑8477, Japan
Faculty of Agro‑Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, 2416 Hiranedai, Tainai, Niigata 959‑2702, Japan
2
As many as 2000 species of venomous fish are estimated to be distributed throughout the world (Ziegman and Alewood 2015). Venomous fish, such as stingray, catfish, stonefish, and scorpionfish, possess venom glands (venom sacs only in the case of stonefish) on either side of sharp spines usually in fins (most commonly in dorsal fins). Fish envenomation immediately induces local symptoms such as intense pain, swelling, and redness, occasionally followed by systemic symptoms such as nausea, tissue necrosis, and hypotension; even death may result from envenomation by stingray and stonefish (Sivan 2009; Ziegman and Alewood 2015). Stonefi
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