Health risk assessment of selected metals through tap water consumption in Upper Silesia, Poland
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Health risk assessment of selected metals through tap water consumption in Upper Silesia, Poland Rajmund Michalski 1
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Paulina Pecyna-Utylska 1
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Joanna Kernert 1
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Katarzyna Grygoyć 1
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Justyna Klyta 1
Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The research focused on assessing the risk to human health resulting from the content of selected Cr, Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Zn and Sr metals in tap water supplied by Upper Silesia Water Plant to the inhabitants of the Upper Silesia region (Poland). It is the main supplier of drinking water to several million inhabitants of this agglomeration. Samples were taken and analyzed quarterly in 2019. The sampling points were chosen to help identify the source when an elevated level of a particular contaminant is observed. ICP-MS and ICP-OES have been used to measure the concentrations of those elements. The chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) results for non-carcinogenic risk assessment of metals in tap water has been assessed. CDI values of non-carcinogenic metals were higher in children than in adults; the CDI values for adults and children were found in the order of: Zn > Sr > Cu > Mn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Co > As. All the studied metals had HQ values below 1, the risks caused by the non-carcinogenic metals decreased in the following order: Zn > Cu > Co > As > Sr > Pb > Cr > Ni > Mn. HI values were also less than 1, that meaning that the analyzed tap water is safe for human consumption. The concentration of As, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni in analyzed tap water is in accordance with Polish and international requirements. Keywords Tap water . Metals . Health risk assessment . Upper Silesia . Poland
Introduction Assessment of the human health risk comprises qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the human’s exposure to contamination originating mainly from environment and food, in particular in drinking water. The quality of water consumed has a strongly impact on our health and well-being. Human life strongly depends on the quality drinking water intake required to prevent any risks to human health. The consumption of water containing a certain amount of some metals may lead to health problems such as cancer in humans [1, 2]. Some metals and metalloids such as zinc, iron, selenium cobalt, copper, chromium, vanadium, or molybdenum are essential elements for the growth and reproduction, but their accumulation in excess in the human body is undesirable. In turn, nonessential metals such as lead and cadmium having no positive role in the metabolic activities can cause toxic effects on the * Rajmund Michalski [email protected] 1
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
body tissues [3]. Thus, it is extremely important to obtain reliable results in all laboratories involved in drinking water analysis [4]. Metals and metalloids have been determined with classic and instrumental methods. Classic methods are usually laborintensive, require
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