Probiotics: a Promising Generation of Heavy Metal Detoxification
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Probiotics: a Promising Generation of Heavy Metal Detoxification Rehab M. Abdel-Megeed 1 Received: 23 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Different environmental toxins especially heavy metals exist in soil, water, and air recording toxic effect on human, animal, and plant. These toxicant elements are widespread in environment causing various disturbances in biological systems. Numerous strategies have been applied recently to alleviate heavy metal contamination; however, most of these strategies were costly and seemed unfriendly to our environment. Probiotics are living cell bacteria with beneficial characteristics for human health. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the major probiotic groups; however, Pediococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, and yeasts are recorded as probiotic. The vital role of the probiotics on maintenance of body health was previously investigated. Probiotics were previously recorded to its powerful capacity to bind numerous targets and eliminate them with feces. These targets may be aluminum, cadmium, lead, or arsenic. The current review discusses the history of probiotics, detoxification role of probiotics caused by heavy metals, and mechanism of their action that modulate different signaling pathway disturbance associated with heavy metal accumulation in biological system. Keywords Probiotics . Heavy metals . Lactobacillus . Bifidobacterium
Introduction Environmental pollution problem has been reported to be more critical as a result of rapid industrialization. Water and food pollutants disrupt ecological balance in our environment and declare toxic effects on living organisms. Heavy metals are non-degradable compounds that persist in numerous organic and inorganic forms. Some heavy metals such as Fe, Cu, and Zn are essential trace elements but others such as Cd, Pb, Hg declared to be toxic even in traces [1–4]. Accumulation of heavy metals in human organs has adverse impact on human health. The non-biodegradable nature of heavy metals influences their longevity and availability in the soil causing both mutagenic and carcinogenic over expression. Further, this becomes part of the human food chain [5, 6]. Conventional strategies used for heavy metal detoxification or cleanup are usually much cost and have different side effects on the health [7]. One emerging, cheap technique is the use of probiotics to remove heavy metals biochemically [8]. Probiotics expression came from the Greek word ‘pro bios’. This word has been translated as ‘for life’. The ‘probiotic’ * Rehab M. Abdel-Megeed [email protected] 1
Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
was hired by Lilly and Still well firstly in 1965 for description of the ‘substances produced by any microorganism for enhancing another to grow’ [9]. In 1974, Parker suggested that probiotics are ‘microorganisms and substances that participate in microbial balance in gut’ [10]. Salminen et al. [11] termed pr
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