Production, activation, and applications of biochar in recent times
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REVIEW
Production, activation, and applications of biochar in recent times Anil Kumar Sakhiya1 · Abhijeet Anand1 · Priyanka Kaushal1 Received: 5 December 2019 / Accepted: 6 April 2020 © Shenyang Agricultural University 2020
Abstract Biomass is a green energy source and is available in abundance. Biochar is a carbon-rich material derived from a wide range of biomass or organic waste through the thermochemical route. Biochar has received increasing attention because of its distinctive properties such as high carbon content, greater specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, nutrient retention capacity, and stable structure. This review paper extensively studies and reports the different pyrolysis processes, reactor types, the effect of process parameters on biochar yield, and its physicochemical properties, biochar activation methods, and applications. It also details the status of the research and development (R&D) progress in biochar production through conventional and advanced technologies. The study found that unlike many products (at R&D stage) biochar has high potential to scale up and has a direct impact on crop yield, water purification (for domestic and industrial application), alternative fuels (clean solid fuel for cookstove), air purification, catalyst, biogas production, purification, and storage. In addition, the paper lists the merits and challenges in the novel biochar applications like hydrogen storage, electrochemical capacitor, and fuel cell technology. Graphic abstract
Keywords Biomass · Pyrolysis · Biochar · Application · Review
1 Introduction * Priyanka Kaushal [email protected] 1
Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
Greenhouse gas emission is the major contributor to global warming, and the increased percentage of CO2 plays a significant role in it. At present, 80% of world energy demand is met through fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas
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(Statistical Review of World Energy 2018). Several efforts like a replacement of fossil with renewable, carbon capture, etc. are being implemented to reduce GHG emissions (Gallagher 2006). Biomass is a renewable and sustainable energy source, and it comes in many forms like forest residue, agro-residue, municipal solid waste, urban waste, energy crop, and animal dung (Azargohar et al. 2013). Currently, India produces around 350 million tonnes of agro-waste per year, 32% of which is utilized as a primary source of heat (India Biomass Energy 2017). Biomass has enormous potential in terms of energy; Tim Bringer et al. (2011) developed a model and predicted that biomass resources would fulfill about ~ 15–25% (0.13–0.27 ZJ/year) of the world energy demand by the year 2050; Malins and Searle estimate that biomass has the potential to produce about 0.06–0.12 ZJ of total primary energy per year by 2050 (Stephanie Searle 2015). Although these approximations may differ, it is clear that biomass is available for multiple applicatio
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