Hydrothermal production of algal biochar for environmental and fertilizer applications: a review
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REVIEW
Hydrothermal production of algal biochar for environmental and fertilizer applications: a review V. Karthik1 · P. Senthil Kumar2 · Dai‑Viet N. Vo3 · J. Sindhu1 · D. Sneka1 · B. Subhashini1 · K. Saravanan4 · J. Jeyanthi5 Received: 20 October 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Climate change and pollution induced by fossil fuel consumption is calling for alternative, renewable organic products in the context of the future circular economy. For instance, biochar has emerged as a versatile material produced during pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification of biomass such as algae, plant and organic waste. Here, we review algal biomass, biochar production by hydrothermal liquefaction, biochar properties and biochar fertilizer value for plant growth. Keywords Algal biomass · Biochar · Fertilizer · Hydrothermal process · Pollution Abbreviations AFDW Ash free dry weight BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller BPA Bisphenol A CEC Cation exchange capacity DAP Diammonium phosphate DCM Dichloromethane EDS Energy-dispersive spectrometer FT-IR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FW Freshwater GGE Gallon gasoline equivalent HHV Higher heating value HRAPs High rate algal ponds HTC Hydrothermal carbonization HTL Hydrothermal liquefaction ICP-AES Inductively coupled plane atomic emission spectrometry * P. Senthil Kumar [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore 641013, India
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603 110, India
3
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai 638060, India
5
Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore 641013, India
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry MFSP Minimum fuel selling price NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAEs Polycyclic aromatic esters PCP Pentachlorophenol PNP Para-nitrophenol PS Persulfate SEM Scanning electron microscope SW Saltwater XRD X-ray diffraction
Introduction Global warming has rapidly increased in the last three decades. The total temperature elevated is about 0.72–0.85 °C due to the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, namely 72% carbon dioxide, 18% methane, 9% nitrous oxide and 1% other gases emitted by human activities (Xia et al. 2020). Replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources helps to reduce greenhouse gases. Biomass, when harvested at a sustainable rate for energy purposes, has a tremendous potential to mitigate the net increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, a primary greenhouse gas. In the framework of global climate change, biochar has become an important area of interest. The properties of biochar depend on the types of feedstocks and production
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