Progress and Challenges in Smart Grids: Distributed Generation, Smart Metering, Energy Storage and Smart Loads
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REVIEW PAPER
Progress and Challenges in Smart Grids: Distributed Generation, Smart Metering, Energy Storage and Smart Loads Illia Diahovchenko1
•
Michal Kolcun2 • Zsolt Cˇonka2 • Volodymyr Savkiv3 • Roman Mykhailyshyn3
Received: 3 May 2019 / Accepted: 28 January 2020 Shiraz University 2020
Abstract The future power system must provide electricity that is reliable and affordable. To meet this goal, both the electricity grid and the existing control system must become smarter. In this paper, some of the major issues and challenges of smart grid’s development are discussed, and ongoing and future trends are presented with the aim to provide a reader with an insight on the relevant research topics, challenges and actual engineering tasks in smart grids. The focus areas of this review study are distributed generation, microgrids, smart meters’ deployment, energy storage technologies, and the role of smart loads in primary frequency response provision. The exploration of smart grid technologies and distributed generation systems has been accomplished, and a general comparison of the conventional grid and a future smart model is included. The issue of increasing penetration of renewable energy sources to the power system and posers related to the integration of distributed generation are also presented. Keywords Smart grid Microgrid Smart meter Energy storage technology Smart load Distributed energy resources
1 Introduction As the world strives to bring carbon emissions down from peak levels, smart energy companies help industry to cut emissions in a way which enhances energy productivity, establishes efficiencies and creates revenue and valuable cost savings for consumers. Therefore, the electric system’s upgrading should proceed along with the elaboration of
& Illia Diahovchenko [email protected] Michal Kolcun [email protected] Zsolt Cˇonka [email protected] Volodymyr Savkiv [email protected] Roman Mykhailyshyn [email protected] 1
Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
2
Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
3
Ternopil Ivan Pul’uj National Technical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
more effective ways of energy production and management. In this context, the concept of a ‘smart grid’ has grown as a prospective for improvement and modernization. It resolves some of the foresaid problems by providing the basis for an up-to-date and more reliable electric power system. The existing world power system was built on the principles formed at the beginning of the last century. The traditional grid supplies electric energy from large central generators through a high voltage interconnected network, in most cases over significant distances, then electricity passes through a series of step-down transformers and is received by the consumers (Ponce-Jara et al. 2017). Such traditional power grids are characterized by electromechanical hierarchical structure, centralized generation, oneway communication, unidirectional power flow from the central generation units to the consum
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