Progress in rheology and hydrodynamics allowed by NMR or MRI techniques
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Progress in rheology and hydrodynamics allowed by NMR or MRI techniques P. Coussot1 Received: 3 July 2020 / Revised: 11 August 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract We review the uses of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for experiments with fluids. More precisely we focus on the progress of knowledge in complex flows, rheology of complex fluids, flow in porous media, colloid transport, fluid transfers in complex porous systems, which have been allowed by NMR techniques. These achievements took advantage of the versatility of NMR, which makes it possible to carry out more original measurements than the basic well-known density imaging (MRI). One may thus rely on non-destructive, non-invasive measurements providing local velocimetry, local rheometry, statistical approaches of molecular displacements or velocity, distribution of adsorbed or suspended colloids, the evolution of the liquid distribution in different states, data on fluid transfers during drying or imbibition, etc. Graphic abstract
1 Introduction
This paper is dedicated to the memory of my colleague Stéphane Rodts, at the origin of so many developments in NMR in Laboratoire Navier. * P. Coussot Philippe.coussot@univ‑eiffel.fr 1
Laboratoire Navier, Univ Gustave Eiffel, ENPC, CNRS, 16‑20 Bd Newton, 77420 Champs sur Marne, France
In modern science, it has become common to observe internal flow characteristics. This is relatively simple for transparent fluids but more complex for non-transparent ones. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is well-known for its use in medical examination of human body, essentially as a microscopy imaging technique among others, such as echography or X-ray scanning. Actually, at the source of MRI is the physical phenomena which also became a technique, i.e. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), which offers a wide field of possibilities of non-destructive measurements inside
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non-transparent materials. Indeed, with NMR it is possible to excite differently different areas, which allows imaging, but also to get various information on the physical characteristics of the system at a local scale, such as the liquid content and the displacement or velocity of the liquid molecules, through local or statistical measurements. Moreover, since the relaxation of the NMR signal is affected by the interactions of the liquid with its environment (and in particular the surrounding solid phase), NMR also offers the possibility to determine the liquid state and estimate the pore size or shape in which the liquid lies, or the concentration of suspended elements in a suspension. This made it possible to develop research and make progress in our understanding of various flow types, such as flows of complex fluids or fluid flows in complex structures (such as porous media), so far generally inaccessible to internal information. The objective of the present paper is to review a series of fluid mechanics problems in which
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