Properties of environmental concrete that contains crushed walnut shell as partial replacement for aggregates
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Properties of environmental concrete that contains crushed walnut shell as partial replacement for aggregates Nahla Hilal 1 & Taghreed Kh Mohammed Ali 2 & Bassam A. Tayeh 3 Received: 29 August 2019 / Accepted: 16 July 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Concrete production consumes a large amount of fine and coarse aggregates. Therefore, eliminating or reducing the consumption of aggregates in concrete can produce environment-friendly building materials. Considerable research has confirmed that the use of waste materials in concrete addresses the high utilisation of raw materials. Walnut is a common farming product in the north of Iraq. A substantial amount of walnut shells is disposed of in landfills. In the present work, crushed walnut shells (CWS) were selected as partial substitute for coarse and fine aggregates at ratios of 5 to 25% with an increment of 5%. The experimental work was divided into three parts. Firstly, fine aggregates were replaced with CWS at the preceding ratios. Secondly, coarse aggregates were substituted with CWS at the aforementioned ratios. Thirdly, fine and coarse aggregates were replaced by CWS at the same proportions. Absorption ratio, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting strength and dry density were determined at 28 days for all the mixtures and the control sample. Results showed that all tested properties, except absorption ratio, decreased when CWS was used. Optimal results were achieved when fine and coarse aggregates were replaced together with CWS. Advantageous values were obtained with a 15% CWS replacement for both types of aggregates. Keywords Absorption ratio . Compressive strength . Density . Flexural strength . Splitting strength . Walnut shells
Introduction Recycling waste materials is beneficial for maintaining natural raw materials, reducing environmental contamination and conserving energy. These waste materials have several types, including industrial by-products, plastic wastes and agriculture wastes (Almeshal et al. 2020; Agwa et al. 2020). Agricultural wastes may be eliminated by burning or disposing in landfills. However, these methods adversely affect the environment. Thus, using agriculture wastes to produce new materials for manufacturing other products can be the best method for discarding these wastes. Construction materials, Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel * Bassam A. Tayeh [email protected] 1
Department of Scholarships & Foreign Relation, University of Fallujah, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Koya University, KOY45, Kurdistan Region, F.R., Koya, Iraq
3
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
such as concrete, can benefit from these agricultural waste materials (Zeyad et al. 2018).. Many studies have reported the successful utilisation of these agricultural wastes in the production of concrete non-structural and structural elements. Numerous researchers have studied the effects of using these wastes as partia
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