Prophylactic Potential of Synbiotic ( Lactobacillus casei and Inulin) in Malnourished Murine Giardiasis: an Immunologica
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Prophylactic Potential of Synbiotic (Lactobacillus casei and Inulin) in Malnourished Murine Giardiasis: an Immunological and Ultrastructural Study Geeta Shukla 1
&
Anuj Sharma 1 & Ruchika Bhatia 1 & Mridul Sharma 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2017
Abstract Giardiasis is a re-emerging infectious disease with outbreaks reported globally specially in children and malnourished individuals leading to malabsorption, growth retardation, and severe diarrhea. Thus, in the present study, prophylactic administration of synbiotic as the functional food was used to assess its antigiardial potential in malnourished murine giardiasis. Interestingly, prior administration of synbiotic (Lactobacillus casei + inulin) even to malnourished-Giardia-infected mice led to increased body mass, small intestine mass, lactobacilli counts, and reduced severity of giardiasis as evident by decreased cyst and trophozoite counts. Synbiotic therapy further boosted the innate and acquired immune response resulting into increase in nitric oxide, antigiardial secretory IgA and IgG antibody levels along with IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines, and decreased levels of inflammatory TNF-α cytokine in both serum and intestinal fluid in malnourished-synbiotic-Giardia-infected mice compared with malnourished-Giardia-infected mice. More specifically, histopathological and scanning electron microscopy analysis of the small intestine also confirmed the modulatory potentials of synbiotic in malnourished-synbiotic-Giardia mice which had less cellular and mucosal damage compared with severely damaged, mummified, and blunted villi in malnourished-Giardia-infected mice. Taken together, this is the first experimental study to report that prior supplementation of synbiotic restored the gut morphology and improved the immune status of the malnourishedGiardia-infected mice, and could be considered as the prophylactic adjunct therapy for malnourished individuals. Keywords Functional foods . Giardiasis . Prebiotic . Probiotic . Synbiotic
Introduction Giardiasis is an acute infectious gastrointestinal disease affecting children and adults worldwide. It is caused by Giardia intestinalis, an intestinal eukaryotic, flagellated protist and is much more frequent in developing countries with incidence rate of 30% than in developed countries like USA where incidence rate is 3–7%, but outbreaks of disease in nurseries and day care centers are common [1, 2]. Giardia infection can lead to acute diarrhea with abdominal discomfort and malabsorption or be asymptomatic and at times becomes chronic giardiasis [3]. School children, malnourished individuals, common variable
* Geeta Shukla [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences (Block-1), South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
immunodeficiency (CVID) patients, hypogammaglobulineamic patients, homosexuals, and people with blood group-A are highly susceptible to giardiasis [4, 5]. In addition, malnutrition, the biggest problem faced by the human kind parti
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