Psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of COVID-19
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INVITED REVIEW
Psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of COVID‑19 E. B. Mukaetova‑Ladinska1,2 · G. Kronenberg3,4 Received: 29 March 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract COVID-19 infections have spread quickly, resulting in massive healthcare burden to societies worldwide. The most urgent interventions needed in the present climate include epidemiological measures to reduce the spread of infection, efficient treatment of patients with severe illness to reduce mortality rates, as well as development of diagnostic tests. Alongside this, the acute, medium, and long-term mental-health consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak for patients, their family members, medical professionals, and the public at large should not be underestimated. Here, we draw on evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks (i.e., SARS, MERS) and emerging evidence from China, Europe, Asia and the US to synthesize the current knowledge regarding the psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords Coronavirus, COVID-19 · Respiratory infection · Mental health · Liaison psychiatry
Introduction Enormous progress in the medical sciences has not only extended the human lifespan but also contributed to the fact that living longer is frequently associated with chronic noncommunicable diseases (i.e., type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and multiple types of cancer). Given that the main focus of contemporary medicine has been on these age-related noncommunicable diseases, it is not surprising that the current pandemics of COVID19 took us largely unprepared and resulted in sudden and widespread anxieties. The rapid spread of COVID-19 over all continents has resulted in at least 23.5 million confirmed cases to date and claimed 843,000 lives (3rd September, 2020 [1]), with many unknowns remaining regarding the prevalence and extent of physical and mental health sequelae among the > 17 million recovered COVID-19 patients [2]. * E. B. Mukaetova‑Ladinska [email protected] 1
Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
2
The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4QF, Leicestershire, UK
3
College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
4
Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Farm Lodge, Farm Drive, Leicester LE3 9Q4, UK
The prolonged lockdown (now in its 7th month in parts of the UK), imposed quarantine and social isolation, shielding of immunocompromised and older people, the rise in unemployment (including furloughed workers) have all affected the global economy, with the pandemic now representing the most serious threat to persons and property. In this review, we discuss the impact of COVID-19 upon the psychological and neuropsychiatric symptoms among the adult population and reflect on the possible long-term sequelae post-COVID-19.
Psychological impact of COVID
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