Psychosocial and biological risk factors of anxiety disorders in adolescents: a TRAILS report
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Psychosocial and biological risk factors of anxiety disorders in adolescents: a TRAILS report Altanzul Narmandakh1 · Annelieke M. Roest2 · Peter de Jonge2 · Albertine J. Oldehinkel1 Received: 23 February 2020 / Accepted: 19 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Anxiety disorders are a common problem in adolescent mental health. Previous studies have investigated only a limited number of risk factors for the development of anxiety disorders concurrently. By investigating multiple factors simultaneously, a more complete understanding of the etiology of anxiety disorders can be reached. Therefore, we assessed preadolescent socio-demographic, familial, psychosocial, and biological factors and their association with the onset of anxiety disorders in adolescence. This study was conducted among 1584 Dutch participants of the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Potential risk factors were assessed at baseline (age 10–12), and included socio-demographic (sex, socioeconomic status), familial (parental anxiety and depression), psychosocial (childhood adversity, temperament), and biological (body mass index, heart rate, blood pressure, cortisol) variables. Anxiety disorders were assessed at about age 19 years through the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with onset of anxiety disorder as a dependent variable and the above-mentioned putative risk factors as predictors. Of the total sample, 25.7% had a lifetime diagnosis of anxiety disorder at age 19 years. Anxiety disorders were twice as prevalent in girls as in boys. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being female (OR = 2.38, p 3 months), childhood adversities were considered present. Heart rate (HR) was measured individually in a quiet room at school. All test assistants were trained extensively, and the measures were completed according to a standardized protocol, with a three-lead electrocardiogram. Children were encouraged to relax and were asked not to move or speak during data acquisition. HR signals (beats per minute [bpm]) were registered for 2 min in a standing position. Both standing and supine HR have been associated with anxiety in prior research [82]; therefore, it is relative to anxiety. To allow exploration of the effects of both high and low HR, the sample was categorized into tertiles: low HR (HR ≤ 88.22 bmp, n = 367), intermediate HR (88.22 99.36 bmp, n = 391). Blood pressure (BP) was measured during the occasion as the HR, by means of a cuff that was fixed around the middle phalanx third finger on the right hand. Spontaneous fluctuations in beat-to-beat BP were recorded continuously using a Portapres device (for more details please see Dietrich et al., 2006) [83] in standing position. Based on their systolic blood pressure (SBP), the participants were categorized into tertiles: low BP (SBP ≤ 95.38 mmHg, n = 400), intermediate BP (95.38 112.40 mmHg, n = 384). Cortisol. Salivary cortisol was collect
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