Purkinje Cell Migration and Differentiation
The Purkinje cell is the pivotal element of the cerebellar network, which integrates distinct extracerebellar inputs and generates the ultimate cortical output to be conveyed to the deep cerebellar nuclei. During development, the adult Purkinje cell pheno
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Abstract
The Purkinje cell is the pivotal element of the cerebellar network, which integrates distinct extracerebellar inputs and generates the ultimate cortical output to be conveyed to the deep cerebellar nuclei. During development, the adult Purkinje cell phenotype is acquired through a complex sequence of ontogenetic processes, including migration from the ventricular neuroepithelium to the cortex, formation of the Purkinje cell plate and progressive arrangement into the final monolayer, axonal growth and expansion of the dendritic tree. Most of the distinctive features of Purkinje cells can be achieved even in dissociated cultures, suggesting that the acquisition of adult traits is regulated by the unfolding of a cell-autonomous program. On the other hand, the maturing Purkinje cells play a fundamental role in orchestrating the development of the entire cerebellum. Namely, Purkinje cells are required for the genesis or the survival of different populations of cerebellar and
C. Sotelo Neurociences Institute, Miguel Hernandez University and CSIC, Campus de San Juan, E-03550 Alicante, Sant Joand’Alacant, Spain and INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France and UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France and CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] F. Rossi (*) Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, I-10125 Turin, Italy and Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy e-mail: [email protected] M. Manto, D.L. Gruol, J.D. Schmahmann, N. Koibuchi, F. Rossi (eds.), 147 Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_9, # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
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extracerebellar neurons. They contribute to regulate the morphogenic processes leading to construct the cortical layering and network. They provide positional information to extracerebellar afferent systems, so to direct the topographic arrangement of projection maps. These phenomena and the underlying mechanisms are described and discussed in the chapter, proposing that development of Purkinje cells is not just the acquisition of a mature neuronal phenotype, but represents an essential organizational event of the whole cerebellar ontogenesis.
Introduction Purkinje cells are one of the neuronal populations more easily identified by their distinctive and specific morphology. These neurons were discovered by the Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkinje in 1837 (Purkinje 1837), who reported their monolayer disposition. Almost 50 years later, Camillo Golgi (1883) with his silver impregnation method revealed the extent and spatial orientation of the dendritic arbor. The description was completed by Santiago Ramo´n y Cajal (1888), who reported the occurrence of small thorns or dendritic spines and their peculiar distribution on the distal dendritic compartment. The acqu
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