Pyrolysis characteristics of cathode from spent lithium-ion batteries using advanced TG-FTIR-GC/MS analysis
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Pyrolysis characteristics of cathode from spent lithium-ion batteries using advanced TG-FTIR-GC/MS analysis Shaoqi Yu 1 & Jingjing Xiong 1 & Daidai Wu 2 & Xiaoshu Lü 3,4 & Zhitong Yao 1
&
Shaodan Xu 1 & Junhong Tang 1
Received: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Thermal treatment offers an alternative method for the separation of Al foil and cathode materials during spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling. In this work, the pyrolysis behavior of cathode from spent LIBs was investigated using advanced thermogravimetric Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (TG-FTIRGC/MS) method. The fate of fluorine present in spent batteries was probed as well. TG analysis showed that the cathode decomposition displayed a three-stage process. The temperatures of maximum mass loss rate were located at 470 °C and 599 °C, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed that the release of CO2 increased as the temperature rose from 195 to 928 °C. However, the evolution of H2O showed a decreasing trend when the temperature increased to above 599 °C. The release of fluoride derivatives also exhibited a decreasing trend, and they were not detected after temperatures increasing to above 470 °C. GC-MS analysis indicated that the release of H2O and CO displayed a similar trend, with larger releasing intensity at the first two stages. The evolution of 1,4-difluorobenzene and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene also displayed a similar trend—larger releasing intensity at the first two stages. However, the release of CO2 showed a different trend, with the largest release intensity at the third stage, as did the release of 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, with the release mainly focused at the temperature of 300–400 °C. The release intensities of 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene were comparable, although smaller than that of 1,4difluorobenzene. This study will offer practical support for the large-scale recycling of spent LIBs. Keywords Electronic waste . Lithium-ion batteries . Cathode . Pyrolysis . Polyvinylidene fluoride binder
Introduction The rapid growth in the production and consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has resulted in a large quantity of spent Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Zhitong Yao [email protected] * Junhong Tang [email protected] 1
College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
2
Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
3
Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, FIN-65101 Vaasa, Finland
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, FIN-02130 Espoo, Finland
LIBs (Sun et al. 2018; Tran et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2019a; Xiao et al. 2020; Zeng and Li 2014). More than 11 million tonnes of spent LIB packs are expected to be discarded by 2030, worldwide—500,00
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