18 Velvet Regulation of Fungal Development
The velvet gene, or veA, is a fungal global regulator that has been shown to control diverse cellular processes, including asexual and sexual development. This regulator is conserved in numerous fungal species. Our knowledge of the velvet regulatory syste
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Velvet Regulation of Fungal Development
ANA M. CALVO1, JESSICA M. LOHMAR1, BEATRIZ IBARRA1, TIMOTHY SATTERLEE1
CONTENTS I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 II. The Velvet System in the Model Filamentous Fungus A. nidulans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 III. The Role of VeA in the Morphology of Other Aspergillus spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 A. Aspergillus flavus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 B. Aspergillus fumigatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 C. Aspergillus carbonarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 IV. Velvet in Fusarium spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 A. Fusarium verticillioides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 B. Fusarium oxysporum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 C. Fusarium fujikuroi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 D. Fusarium graminearum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 V. Velvet in Other Ascomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 A. Neurospora crassa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 B. Penicillium chrysogenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 C. Acremonium chrysogenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 D. Mycosphaerella graminicola . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 E. Dothistroma septosporum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 F. Trichoderma reesei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 G. Botrytis cinerea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 H. Histoplasma capsulatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 I. Cochliobolus heterostrophus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 VI. An Example of Velvet in Basidiomycetes . . 487 A. Ustilago maydis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 VII. Other Biological Roles Associated with Velvet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 A. Secondary Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 1. Mycotoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 2. Antibiotics and Other Medically Important Fungal Secondary Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 3. Other Industrially Produced Secondary Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 B. Production of Extracellular Enzymes . . . . 490 C. Response to Environmental Stresses . . . . . 490 D. Virulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 VIII. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 155 Castle Drive, Dekalb, IL, 60115, USA; e-mail: [email protected]
I. Introduction Morphogenesis studies of the model fungus A. nidulans have greatly facilitated our understanding of this sophisticated developmental process. Genomics, together with classical genetics and the state-of-the-art molecular biology techniques of this model system, has accelerated discovery of the intricate re
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